[{"_1":2,"_3":-5,"_4":-5},"loaderData",{"_5":6,"_7":8,"_9":10,"_11":12},"actionData","errors","root",{"_8359":8360},"routes/learn.courses.$course",{"_15":4684,"_4685":4686},"routes/learn.courses.$course.$chapter",{"_17":2785,"_2786":-7},"routes/learn.courses.$course.$chapter.$slug",{"_13":14,"_15":16,"_17":18,"_19":20,"_21":-7,"_5":22,"_23":24},"lesson",{"_17":25,"_26":2736,"_28":2737,"_30":2773,"_32":2739,"_34":-7,"_35":2774,"_37":2741,"_39":2742,"_41":338,"_45":2775,"_47":48,"_49":2744,"_43":2776},"course",{"_26":2759,"_28":2760,"_30":2761,"_32":2762,"_34":-7,"_35":2763,"_117":2764,"_39":2765,"_51":2766,"_2767":2768,"_43":2769},"chapter",{"_26":334,"_28":25,"_335":336,"_37":337,"_41":338},"nextLesson",{"_17":25,"_26":27,"_28":29,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_34":-7,"_35":36,"_37":38,"_39":40,"_41":42,"_43":44,"_45":46,"_47":48,"_49":50},"previousLesson","https://planetscale.xyz","googlebot",false,"building-a-flask-app-with-mysql","path","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/setting-up-the-flask-project","slug","setting-up-the-flask-project","body",[85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113],"body_text","In this video, we'll walk you through the process of setting up the project, cloning a GitHub repo, installing necessary dependencies, and getting your app up and running. After completing this video, you'll be prepared to focus on creating a database schema and writing SQL statements for the app.\nCloning the GitHub repo\nTo get started, you'll first need to clone the provided GitHub repository, which contains some starter files for the app.\nOpen your terminal and navigate to the desired location on your computer for the project files.\nEnter the following command to clone the repo:git clone https://github.com/planetscale/mysql-for-python-developers.git\n\nMoving the starter directory\nAfter cloning the repo, you'll want to create a new folder and move the starter directory into it. This can be done using the Move-Item command on Windows or the mv command on Linux or Mac.\nIf you're on Windows:Move-Item .\\mysql-for-python-developers-course\\web-app\\starter .\\hotel-management-flask\\\n\nNext, open up the newly created hotel-management-flask folder in your favorite text editor.\nCreating a virtual environment\nA virtual environment is crucial for managing the Python dependencies for your Flask app. To create a virtual environment, follow these steps:\nOpen a terminal and navigate to the hotel-management-flask directory.\nCreate a virtual environment using the following command:py -m venv env\n\nActivate the virtual environment:\nOn Windows:.\\env\\Scripts\\activate\n\nOn Linux or Mac:source env/bin/activate\n\nInstalling required dependencies\nWith your virtual environment activated, it's time to install the required dependencies for your Flask app. Run the following command in your terminal:pip install -r requirements.txt\n\nThis will install all the necessary packages and dependencies for the app, as specified in the requirements.txt file.\nRunning the Flask app\nFinally, you can run your Flask app using the following command:flask run\n\nThis will start the app on your local machine, and you should see a link to a local host address in your terminal output. Copy the URL and paste it into your browser to view the app. You should see a \"No reservations in the system\" message, which signifies that you have successfully downloaded the files and set up the app on your machine.\nNext steps\nNow that your app is up and running, you can proceed with the next steps in the tutorial series. In the following posts, we'll cover creating a database schema for your hotel management app, writing the necessary SQL statements to interact with the database, and building out the app's functionality.","aside","toc",[58,59,60,61,62,63],"title","Setting up the Flask project","description","Get your hotel management app set up by cloning the Flask repo and installing dependencies.","sequence",2,"meta",{"_55":56,"_39":57},"video",{"_51":52,"_53":54},"createdAt","2023-06-14T00:00:00.000Z","updatedAt","2023-11-08T19:31:59.817Z","duration",140,"url","https://player.vimeo.com/video/821091294","image","/assets/setting-up-the-flask-project-social-DJ44Ia9k.png","In this lesson, you'll get your hotel management app set up by cloning the Flask repo and installing dependencies.",{"_64":82,"_66":83,"_68":42,"_37":84},{"_64":79,"_66":80,"_68":42,"_37":81},{"_64":76,"_66":77,"_68":42,"_37":78},{"_64":73,"_66":74,"_68":42,"_37":75},{"_64":70,"_66":71,"_68":42,"_37":72},{"_64":65,"_66":67,"_68":42,"_37":69},"children",[],"id","next-steps","level","Next steps",[],"running-the-flask-app","Running the Flask app",[],"installing-required-dependencies","Installing required dependencies",[],"creating-a-virtual-environment","Creating a virtual environment",[],"moving-the-starter-directory","Moving the starter directory",[],"cloning-the-github-repo","Cloning the GitHub repo",["SingleFetchClassInstance",330],["SingleFetchClassInstance",322],["SingleFetchClassInstance",311],["SingleFetchClassInstance",298],["SingleFetchClassInstance",294],["SingleFetchClassInstance",286],["SingleFetchClassInstance",264],["SingleFetchClassInstance",260],["SingleFetchClassInstance",256],["SingleFetchClassInstance",247],["SingleFetchClassInstance",239],["SingleFetchClassInstance",235],["SingleFetchClassInstance",216],["SingleFetchClassInstance",212],["SingleFetchClassInstance",200],["SingleFetchClassInstance",196],["SingleFetchClassInstance",192],["SingleFetchClassInstance",188],["SingleFetchClassInstance",184],["SingleFetchClassInstance",176],["SingleFetchClassInstance",172],["SingleFetchClassInstance",168],["SingleFetchClassInstance",157],["SingleFetchClassInstance",149],["SingleFetchClassInstance",145],["SingleFetchClassInstance",138],["SingleFetchClassInstance",134],["SingleFetchClassInstance",123],["SingleFetchClassInstance",114],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":120,"_64":121},"$$mdtype","Tag","name","p","attributes",{},[122],"Now that your app is up and running, you can proceed with the next steps in the tutorial series. In the following posts, we'll cover creating a database schema for your hotel management app, writing the necessary SQL statements to interact with the database, and building out the app's functionality.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":125,"_64":126},"h2",{"_66":67},[127],["SingleFetchClassInstance",128],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":130,"_64":131},"a",{"_132":133},[69],"href","#next-steps",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":135,"_64":136},{},[137],"This will start the app on your local machine, and you should see a link to a local host address in your terminal output. Copy the URL and paste it into your browser to view the app. You should see a \"No reservations in the system\" message, which signifies that you have successfully downloaded the files and set up the app on your machine.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":140,"_64":141},"pre",{"_143":144},[142],"flask run\n","data-language","bash",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":146,"_64":147},{},[148],"Finally, you can run your Flask app using the following command:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":150,"_64":151},{"_66":71},[152],["SingleFetchClassInstance",153],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":154,"_64":155},{"_132":156},[72],"#running-the-flask-app",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":158,"_64":159},{},[160,161,162],"This will install all the necessary packages and dependencies for the app, as specified in the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",163]," file.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":165,"_64":166},"code",{},[167],"requirements.txt",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":169,"_64":170},{"_143":144},[171],"pip install -r requirements.txt\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":173,"_64":174},{},[175],"With your virtual environment activated, it's time to install the required dependencies for your Flask app. Run the following command in your terminal:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":177,"_64":178},{"_66":74},[179],["SingleFetchClassInstance",180],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":181,"_64":182},{"_132":183},[75],"#installing-required-dependencies",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":185,"_64":186},{"_143":144},[187],"source env/bin/activate\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":189,"_64":190},{},[191],"On Linux or Mac:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":193,"_64":194},{"_143":144},[195],".\\env\\Scripts\\activate\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":197,"_64":198},{},[199],"On Windows:",{"_115":116,"_117":201,"_119":202,"_64":203},"ol",{"_210":211},[204],["SingleFetchClassInstance",205],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":207,"_64":208},"li",{},[209],"Activate the virtual environment:","start",3,{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":213,"_64":214},{"_143":144},[215],"py -m venv env\n",{"_115":116,"_117":201,"_119":217,"_64":218},{},[219,220],["SingleFetchClassInstance",225],["SingleFetchClassInstance",221],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":222,"_64":223},{},[224],"Create a virtual environment using the following command:",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":226,"_64":227},{},[228,229,230],"Open a terminal and navigate to the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",231]," directory.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":232,"_64":233},{},[234],"hotel-management-flask",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":236,"_64":237},{},[238],"A virtual environment is crucial for managing the Python dependencies for your Flask app. To create a virtual environment, follow these steps:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":240,"_64":241},{"_66":77},[242],["SingleFetchClassInstance",243],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":244,"_64":245},{"_132":246},[78],"#creating-a-virtual-environment",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":248,"_64":249},{},[250,251,252],"Next, open up the newly created ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",253]," folder in your favorite text editor.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":254,"_64":255},{},[234],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":257,"_64":258},{"_143":144},[259],"Move-Item .\\mysql-for-python-developers-course\\web-app\\starter .\\hotel-management-flask\\\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":261,"_64":262},{},[263],"If you're on Windows:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":265,"_64":266},{},[267,268,269,270,271,272,273],"After cloning the repo, you'll want to create a new folder and move the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",282]," directory into it. This can be done using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",278]," command on Windows or the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",274]," command on Linux or Mac.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":275,"_64":276},{},[277],"mv",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":279,"_64":280},{},[281],"Move-Item",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":283,"_64":284},{},[285],"starter",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":287,"_64":288},{"_66":80},[289],["SingleFetchClassInstance",290],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":291,"_64":292},{"_132":293},[81],"#moving-the-starter-directory",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":295,"_64":296},{"_143":144},[297],"git clone https://github.com/planetscale/mysql-for-python-developers.git\n",{"_115":116,"_117":201,"_119":299,"_64":300},{},[301,302],["SingleFetchClassInstance",307],["SingleFetchClassInstance",303],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":304,"_64":305},{},[306],"Enter the following command to clone the repo:",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":308,"_64":309},{},[310],"Open your terminal and navigate to the desired location on your computer for the project files.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":312,"_64":313},{},[314,315,316],"To get started, you'll first need to clone the provided ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",317],", which contains some starter files for the app.",{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":318,"_64":319},{"_132":321},[320],"GitHub repository","https://github.com/planetscale/mysql-for-python-developers",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":323,"_64":324},{"_66":83},[325],["SingleFetchClassInstance",326],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":327,"_64":328},{"_132":329},[84],"#cloning-the-github-repo",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":331,"_64":332},{},[333],"In this video, we'll walk you through the process of setting up the project, cloning a GitHub repo, installing necessary dependencies, and getting your app up and running. After completing this video, you'll be prepared to focus on creating a database schema and writing SQL statements for the app.","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql","lessons",[339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348],"Building a Flask app with MySQL",1,{"_17":25,"_26":2736,"_28":2737,"_30":2738,"_32":2739,"_34":-7,"_35":2740,"_37":2741,"_39":2742,"_41":338,"_45":2743,"_47":48,"_49":2744,"_43":2745},{"_17":25,"_26":27,"_28":29,"_30":2532,"_32":33,"_34":-7,"_35":2533,"_37":38,"_39":40,"_41":42,"_43":2534,"_45":2535,"_47":48,"_49":50},{"_17":25,"_26":2015,"_28":2016,"_30":2017,"_32":2018,"_34":-7,"_35":2019,"_37":2020,"_39":2021,"_41":211,"_45":2022,"_47":48,"_49":2023,"_43":2024},{"_17":25,"_26":1731,"_28":1732,"_30":1733,"_32":1734,"_34":-7,"_35":1735,"_37":1736,"_39":1737,"_41":1738,"_45":1739,"_47":48,"_49":1740,"_43":1741},{"_17":25,"_26":1453,"_28":1454,"_30":1455,"_32":1456,"_34":-7,"_35":1457,"_37":1458,"_39":1459,"_41":1460,"_45":1461,"_47":48,"_49":1462,"_43":1463},{"_17":25,"_26":1165,"_28":1166,"_30":1167,"_32":1168,"_34":-7,"_35":1169,"_37":1170,"_39":1171,"_41":1172,"_43":1173,"_45":1174,"_47":48,"_49":1175},{"_17":25,"_26":941,"_28":942,"_30":943,"_32":944,"_34":-7,"_35":945,"_37":946,"_39":947,"_41":948,"_43":949,"_45":950,"_47":48,"_49":951},{"_17":25,"_26":777,"_28":778,"_30":779,"_32":780,"_34":-7,"_35":781,"_37":782,"_39":783,"_41":784,"_43":785,"_45":786,"_47":48,"_49":787},{"_17":25,"_26":563,"_28":564,"_30":565,"_32":566,"_34":-7,"_35":567,"_37":568,"_39":569,"_41":570,"_43":571,"_45":572,"_47":48,"_49":573},{"_17":25,"_26":349,"_28":350,"_30":351,"_32":352,"_34":-7,"_35":353,"_37":354,"_39":355,"_41":356,"_45":357,"_47":48,"_49":358,"_43":359},"/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/deleting-a-booking","deleting-a-booking",[379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399],"Deleting records in our Flask app\nIn this final lesson, we will cover how to enable the delete button so that you can delete a booking from your system. If you have followed along with the previous video, you should now have a functional form for updating individual records in your database. We will now implement the delete functionality, allowing users to remove bookings from the system.\nStep 1: Setting up the delete endpoint\nFirst, navigate to the code where we have set up our last endpoint, named delete. In the delete endpoint, we will start by fetching the database and getting a cursor object. The cursor object is necessary for querying the database.def delete(reference_number):\n # Get the database and create a cursor\n db = get_db()\n cursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n\nStep 2: Check if the booking exists\nBefore deleting a booking, we need to ensure that the booking exists in the database. To do this, we will use a SELECT statement with a small trick. Instead of selecting the booking record, we will select the number 1 if the booking exists in the database.# Check if the booking exists\ncursor.execute(\"SELECT 1 FROM booking WHERE reference_number = %s\", (reference_number,))\nbooking = cursor.fetchone()\n\nIf the result of the query is None, it means that the booking does not exist in the database. We can abort the delete process in this case:# Abort if booking is not found\nif booking is None:\n cursor.close()\n abort(404)\n\nStep 3: Delete the booking\nOnce we have confirmed that the booking exists in the database, we can proceed to delete it. To do this, we will use a DELETE statement:# Delete the booking\ncursor.execute(\"DELETE FROM booking WHERE reference_number = %s\", (reference_number,))\n\nWe also need to commit the changes to the database and close the cursor:db.commit()\ncursor.close()\n\nNow, let's test the delete functionality. Navigate to the booking list and select a booking. Click the delete button and observe that the booking has been removed from the list.\nSummary\nIn this final lesson, we have demonstrated how to enable the delete button in a Flask web app, allowing users to remove bookings from the system. The essential steps include setting up the delete endpoint, verifying if the booking exists in the database, and then performing the actual deletion.\nThe code should now be able to:\nView the list of all the records in the database.\nGet information from different tables, e.g., guest name and room type.\nCreate new reservations in the system.\nUpdate reservations.\nDelete reservations.\nWith these capabilities, your web app should now be fully functional for managing bookings!",[363,364,365,366],"Deleting a booking","In this lesson, you'll learn how to wire up your delete endpoint to delete a booking from your Flask application.",10,{"_51":361,"_53":362},"2023-11-08T19:31:02.296Z",{"_55":360},"/assets/deleting-a-booking-social-C0VbagQW.png",156,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/828159608",{"_64":376,"_66":377,"_68":42,"_37":378},{"_64":373,"_66":374,"_68":42,"_37":375},{"_64":370,"_66":371,"_68":42,"_37":372},{"_64":367,"_66":368,"_68":42,"_37":369},[],"summary","Summary",[],"step-3-delete-the-booking","Step 3: Delete the booking",[],"step-2-check-if-the-booking-exists","Step 2: Check if the booking exists",[],"step-1-setting-up-the-delete-endpoint","Step 1: Setting up the delete endpoint",["SingleFetchClassInstance",552],["SingleFetchClassInstance",548],["SingleFetchClassInstance",540],["SingleFetchClassInstance",530],["SingleFetchClassInstance",526],["SingleFetchClassInstance",518],["SingleFetchClassInstance",502],["SingleFetchClassInstance",498],["SingleFetchClassInstance",488],["SingleFetchClassInstance",484],["SingleFetchClassInstance",476],["SingleFetchClassInstance",466],["SingleFetchClassInstance",462],["SingleFetchClassInstance",458],["SingleFetchClassInstance",453],["SingleFetchClassInstance",449],["SingleFetchClassInstance",441],["SingleFetchClassInstance",437],["SingleFetchClassInstance",433],["SingleFetchClassInstance",404],["SingleFetchClassInstance",400],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":401,"_64":402},{},[403],"With these capabilities, your web app should now be fully functional for managing bookings!",{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":406,"_64":407},"ul",{},[408,409,410,411,412],["SingleFetchClassInstance",429],["SingleFetchClassInstance",425],["SingleFetchClassInstance",421],["SingleFetchClassInstance",417],["SingleFetchClassInstance",413],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":414,"_64":415},{},[416],"Delete reservations.",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":418,"_64":419},{},[420],"Update reservations.",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":422,"_64":423},{},[424],"Create new reservations in the system.",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":426,"_64":427},{},[428],"Get information from different tables, e.g., guest name and room type.",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":430,"_64":431},{},[432],"View the list of all the records in the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":434,"_64":435},{},[436],"The code should now be able to:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":438,"_64":439},{},[440],"In this final lesson, we have demonstrated how to enable the delete button in a Flask web app, allowing users to remove bookings from the system. The essential steps include setting up the delete endpoint, verifying if the booking exists in the database, and then performing the actual deletion.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":442,"_64":443},{"_66":368},[444],["SingleFetchClassInstance",445],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":446,"_64":447},{"_132":448},[369],"#summary",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":450,"_64":451},{},[452],"Now, let's test the delete functionality. Navigate to the booking list and select a booking. Click the delete button and observe that the booking has been removed from the list.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":454,"_64":455},{"_143":457},[456],"db.commit()\ncursor.close()\n","python",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":459,"_64":460},{},[461],"We also need to commit the changes to the database and close the cursor:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":463,"_64":464},{"_143":457},[465],"# Delete the booking\ncursor.execute(\"DELETE FROM booking WHERE reference_number = %s\", (reference_number,))\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":467,"_64":468},{},[469,470,471],"Once we have confirmed that the booking exists in the database, we can proceed to delete it. To do this, we will use a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",472]," statement:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":473,"_64":474},{},[475],"DELETE",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":477,"_64":478},{"_66":371},[479],["SingleFetchClassInstance",480],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":481,"_64":482},{"_132":483},[372],"#step-3-delete-the-booking",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":485,"_64":486},{"_143":457},[487],"# Abort if booking is not found\nif booking is None:\n cursor.close()\n abort(404)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":489,"_64":490},{},[491,492,493],"If the result of the query is ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",494],", it means that the booking does not exist in the database. We can abort the delete process in this case:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":495,"_64":496},{},[497],"None",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":499,"_64":500},{"_143":457},[501],"# Check if the booking exists\ncursor.execute(\"SELECT 1 FROM booking WHERE reference_number = %s\", (reference_number,))\nbooking = cursor.fetchone()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":503,"_64":504},{},[505,506,507,508,509],"Before deleting a booking, we need to ensure that the booking exists in the database. To do this, we will use a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",514]," statement with a small trick. Instead of selecting the booking record, we will select the number ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",510]," if the booking exists in the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":511,"_64":512},{},[513],"1",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":515,"_64":516},{},[517],"SELECT",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":519,"_64":520},{"_66":374},[521],["SingleFetchClassInstance",522],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":523,"_64":524},{"_132":525},[375],"#step-2-check-if-the-booking-exists",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":527,"_64":528},{"_143":457},[529],"def delete(reference_number):\n # Get the database and create a cursor\n db = get_db()\n cursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":531,"_64":532},{},[533,534,535],"First, navigate to the code where we have set up our last endpoint, named ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",536],". In the delete endpoint, we will start by fetching the database and getting a cursor object. The cursor object is necessary for querying the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":537,"_64":538},{},[539],"delete",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":541,"_64":542},{"_66":377},[543],["SingleFetchClassInstance",544],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":545,"_64":546},{"_132":547},[378],"#step-1-setting-up-the-delete-endpoint",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":549,"_64":550},{},[551],"In this final lesson, we will cover how to enable the delete button so that you can delete a booking from your system. If you have followed along with the previous video, you should now have a functional form for updating individual records in your database. We will now implement the delete functionality, allowing users to remove bookings from the system.",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":554,"_64":555},"h1",{"_66":562},[556],["SingleFetchClassInstance",557],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":558,"_64":559},{"_132":561},[560],"Deleting records in our Flask app","#deleting-records-in-our-flask-app","deleting-records-in-our-flask-app","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/updates-for-a-single-booking","updates-for-a-single-booking",[598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619],"Update booking information in your Flask app\nIn the previous lesson, we worked on the endpoint to display the information for a single booking. In this lesson, we'll work on the code to save an updated booking. We'll be using the Flask web framework to build our Python application.\nGetting started\nAs always, we'll start by getting the database connection and cursor. We'll be using the get_db() function to get our database connection and then setting up a cursor with dictionary support.db = get_db()\ncursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n\nRetrieve the guest_id\nNext, we want to get the ID of the guest associated with the selected booking, in case we need to update the guest's information. We can do this by executing a SQL query to fetch the guest_id.cursor.execute(\n \"SELECT guest_id FROM booking WHERE reference_number = %s\",\n (reference_number,),\n)\nbooking = cursor.fetchone()\n\nMake sure to check if the booking exists and return an appropriate error if it does not.if not booking:\n abort(404)\n\nUpdate guest information\nNow it's time to update the guest information. We'll be executing another SQL query to update the guest's name and email address.cursor.execute(\n \"UPDATE guest SET name = %s, email = %s WHERE id = %s\",\n (request.form[\"name\"], request.form[\"email\"], booking[\"guest_id\"]),\n)\n\nUpdate booking information\nFinally, we'll update the booking information in the database. We'll execute a more complex UPDATE query for this purpose, which involves joining the room_type table to get the correct room_type_id.cursor.execute(\n \"\"\"\n UPDATE booking\n JOIN room_type ON room_type.code = %s\n SET check_in = %s, check_out = %s, room_type_id = room_type.id,\n breakfast = %s, airport_pickup_time = %s\n WHERE reference_number = %s\n \"\"\",\n (\n request.form[\"room_type\"],\n request.form[\"check_in\"],\n request.form[\"check_out\"],\n request.form.get(\"breakfast\"),\n request.form[\"airport_pickup_time\"],\n reference_number,\n ),\n)\n\nAfter updating the information, commit the changes to the database and close the cursor.db.commit()\ncursor.close()\n\nNow, if we test our application by altering some booking information, we can see that the updated values are saved in the database.\nRecap and next steps\nIn this lesson, we covered how to write the code for updating booking and guest information using Flask and SQL queries. Specifically, we inserted the guest_id and then used UPDATE statements to revise the contents of the guest and booking tables.\nIn the next lesson, we'll continue our journey by writing code for the delete button in our hotel booking application to remove bookings from the database.",[578,579,580,581,582],"Updates for a single booking","Make updates to a single booking in the hotel management app.",9,{"_55":576,"_39":577},{"_51":574,"_53":575},"2023-11-08T19:29:16.521Z",372,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821335876","/assets/updates-for-a-single-booking-social-Dhhft6hE.png","Learn how to update data from a MySQL database in a Flask application.",{"_64":595,"_66":596,"_68":42,"_37":597},{"_64":592,"_66":593,"_68":42,"_37":594},{"_64":589,"_66":590,"_68":42,"_37":591},{"_64":586,"_66":587,"_68":42,"_37":588},{"_64":583,"_66":584,"_68":42,"_37":585},[],"recap-and-next-steps","Recap and next steps",[],"update-booking-information","Update booking information",[],"update-guest-information","Update guest information",[],"retrieve-the-guest_id","Retrieve the guest_id",[],"getting-started","Getting started",["SingleFetchClassInstance",767],["SingleFetchClassInstance",763],["SingleFetchClassInstance",755],["SingleFetchClassInstance",745],["SingleFetchClassInstance",741],["SingleFetchClassInstance",728],["SingleFetchClassInstance",720],["SingleFetchClassInstance",716],["SingleFetchClassInstance",712],["SingleFetchClassInstance",708],["SingleFetchClassInstance",700],["SingleFetchClassInstance",696],["SingleFetchClassInstance",692],["SingleFetchClassInstance",684],["SingleFetchClassInstance",663],["SingleFetchClassInstance",659],["SingleFetchClassInstance",655],["SingleFetchClassInstance",652],["SingleFetchClassInstance",648],["SingleFetchClassInstance",640],["SingleFetchClassInstance",624],["SingleFetchClassInstance",620],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":621,"_64":622},{},[623],"In the next lesson, we'll continue our journey by writing code for the delete button in our hotel booking application to remove bookings from the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":625,"_64":626},{},[627,628,629,630,631],"In this lesson, we covered how to write the code for updating booking and guest information using Flask and SQL queries. Specifically, we inserted the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",636]," and then used ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",632]," statements to revise the contents of the guest and booking tables.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":633,"_64":634},{},[635],"UPDATE",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":637,"_64":638},{},[639],"guest_id",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":641,"_64":642},{"_66":584},[643],["SingleFetchClassInstance",644],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":645,"_64":646},{"_132":647},[585],"#recap-and-next-steps",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":649,"_64":650},{},[651],"Now, if we test our application by altering some booking information, we can see that the updated values are saved in the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":653,"_64":654},{"_143":457},[456],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":656,"_64":657},{},[658],"After updating the information, commit the changes to the database and close the cursor.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":660,"_64":661},{"_143":457},[662],"cursor.execute(\n \"\"\"\n UPDATE booking\n JOIN room_type ON room_type.code = %s\n SET check_in = %s, check_out = %s, room_type_id = room_type.id,\n breakfast = %s, airport_pickup_time = %s\n WHERE reference_number = %s\n \"\"\",\n (\n request.form[\"room_type\"],\n request.form[\"check_in\"],\n request.form[\"check_out\"],\n request.form.get(\"breakfast\"),\n request.form[\"airport_pickup_time\"],\n reference_number,\n ),\n)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":664,"_64":665},{},[666,667,668,669,670,671,672],"Finally, we'll update the booking information in the database. We'll execute a more complex ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",681]," query for this purpose, which involves joining the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",677]," table to get the correct ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",673],".",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":674,"_64":675},{},[676],"room_type_id",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":678,"_64":679},{},[680],"room_type",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":682,"_64":683},{},[635],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":685,"_64":686},{"_66":587},[687],["SingleFetchClassInstance",688],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":689,"_64":690},{"_132":691},[588],"#update-booking-information",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":693,"_64":694},{"_143":457},[695],"cursor.execute(\n \"UPDATE guest SET name = %s, email = %s WHERE id = %s\",\n (request.form[\"name\"], request.form[\"email\"], booking[\"guest_id\"]),\n)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":697,"_64":698},{},[699],"Now it's time to update the guest information. We'll be executing another SQL query to update the guest's name and email address.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":701,"_64":702},{"_66":590},[703],["SingleFetchClassInstance",704],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":705,"_64":706},{"_132":707},[591],"#update-guest-information",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":709,"_64":710},{"_143":457},[711],"if not booking:\n abort(404)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":713,"_64":714},{},[715],"Make sure to check if the booking exists and return an appropriate error if it does not.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":717,"_64":718},{"_143":457},[719],"cursor.execute(\n \"SELECT guest_id FROM booking WHERE reference_number = %s\",\n (reference_number,),\n)\nbooking = cursor.fetchone()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":721,"_64":722},{},[723,724,672],"Next, we want to get the ID of the guest associated with the selected booking, in case we need to update the guest's information. We can do this by executing a SQL query to fetch the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",725],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":726,"_64":727},{},[639],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":729,"_64":730},{"_66":593},[731],["SingleFetchClassInstance",732],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":733,"_64":734},{"_132":740},[735,736],"Retrieve the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",737],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":738,"_64":739},{},[639],"#retrieve-the-guest_id",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":742,"_64":743},{"_143":457},[744],"db = get_db()\ncursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":746,"_64":747},{},[748,749,750],"As always, we'll start by getting the database connection and cursor. We'll be using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",751]," function to get our database connection and then setting up a cursor with dictionary support.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":752,"_64":753},{},[754],"get_db()",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":756,"_64":757},{"_66":596},[758],["SingleFetchClassInstance",759],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":760,"_64":761},{"_132":762},[597],"#getting-started",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":764,"_64":765},{},[766],"In the previous lesson, we worked on the endpoint to display the information for a single booking. In this lesson, we'll work on the code to save an updated booking. We'll be using the Flask web framework to build our Python application.",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":768,"_64":769},{"_66":776},[770],["SingleFetchClassInstance",771],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":772,"_64":773},{"_132":775},[774],"Update booking information in your Flask app","#update-booking-information-in-your-flask-app","update-booking-information-in-your-flask-app","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/query-a-single-booking","query-a-single-booking",[808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827],"Retrieving and displaying a single booking with Flask\nIn the previous lesson, we learned how to create new bookings in our database. Now, we will write the code to return the information for one particular booking using the reference number from the URL. This will allow us to eventually update the booking information on a detail page.\nPrepare the database connection and cursor\nFirst, just like in the previous tutorial, we need to set up our database connection and cursor:db = get_db()\ncursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n\nDon't forget to close the cursor at the end of your code:cursor.close()\n\nWrite the query for a single booking\nNext, we need to write the query to get a single booking based on the reference number. This will be similar to the query used for retrieving all bookings, but with a WHERE clause specific to the reference number.cursor.execute(\n \"\"\"\n SELECT\n booking.reference_number,\n guest.name,\n guest.email,\n booking.check_in,\n booking.check_out,\n room_type.code,\n booking.airport_pickup_time,\n booking.breakfast\n FROM\n booking\n JOIN\n guest ON booking.guest_id = guest.id\n JOIN\n room_type ON booking.room_type_id = room_type.id\n WHERE booking.referenceNumber = %s;\"\n \"\"\",\n [reference_number]\n)\n\nFetch and display the booking details\nAfter executing the query, we need to fetch the booking details:cursor.fetchone()\n\nIf the booking is not found, we want to return a 404 error and close the cursor:if not booking:\n cursor.close()\n abort(404)\n\nNow that we have the booking details, we can generate the template for the single view and render it. Assuming your template is named booking.html, you can do the following:return render_template('booking.html', booking=booking)\n\nConclusion and Next Steps\nIn this lesson, we learned how to retrieve and display information for a single booking using Flask. We created a database connection, wrote a query to get a single booking based on the reference number, fetched and displayed the booking details, and updated the template to show additional information.\nIn the next lesson, we will modify this code to allow users to update a booking's information by changing the displayed values and clicking a \"Submit\" button. This will involve adding a form and handling form submission in our Flask app. Stay tuned!",[792,793,794,795],"Query a single booking","Query the database and return data for a single booking",8,{"_55":790,"_39":791},{"_51":788,"_53":789},"2023-11-08T19:29:01.298Z",184,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821334766","/assets/query-a-single-booking-social-BLVv9q9W.png","Learn how to query a MySQL database in a Flask application and return data.",{"_64":805,"_66":806,"_68":42,"_37":807},{"_64":802,"_66":803,"_68":42,"_37":804},{"_64":799,"_66":800,"_68":42,"_37":801},{"_64":796,"_66":797,"_68":42,"_37":798},[],"conclusion-and-next-steps","Conclusion and Next Steps",[],"fetch-and-display-the-booking-details","Fetch and display the booking details",[],"write-the-query-for-a-single-booking","Write the query for a single booking",[],"prepare-the-database-connection-and-cursor","Prepare the database connection and cursor",["SingleFetchClassInstance",931],["SingleFetchClassInstance",927],["SingleFetchClassInstance",919],["SingleFetchClassInstance",915],["SingleFetchClassInstance",912],["SingleFetchClassInstance",908],["SingleFetchClassInstance",904],["SingleFetchClassInstance",896],["SingleFetchClassInstance",886],["SingleFetchClassInstance",882],["SingleFetchClassInstance",874],["SingleFetchClassInstance",870],["SingleFetchClassInstance",866],["SingleFetchClassInstance",862],["SingleFetchClassInstance",858],["SingleFetchClassInstance",848],["SingleFetchClassInstance",844],["SingleFetchClassInstance",836],["SingleFetchClassInstance",832],["SingleFetchClassInstance",828],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":829,"_64":830},{},[831],"In the next lesson, we will modify this code to allow users to update a booking's information by changing the displayed values and clicking a \"Submit\" button. This will involve adding a form and handling form submission in our Flask app. Stay tuned!",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":833,"_64":834},{},[835],"In this lesson, we learned how to retrieve and display information for a single booking using Flask. We created a database connection, wrote a query to get a single booking based on the reference number, fetched and displayed the booking details, and updated the template to show additional information.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":837,"_64":838},{"_66":797},[839],["SingleFetchClassInstance",840],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":841,"_64":842},{"_132":843},[798],"#conclusion-and-next-steps",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":845,"_64":846},{"_143":457},[847],"return render_template('booking.html', booking=booking)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":849,"_64":850},{},[851,852,853],"Now that we have the booking details, we can generate the template for the single view and render it. Assuming your template is named ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",854],", you can do the following:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":855,"_64":856},{},[857],"booking.html",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":859,"_64":860},{"_143":457},[861],"if not booking:\n cursor.close()\n abort(404)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":863,"_64":864},{},[865],"If the booking is not found, we want to return a 404 error and close the cursor:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":867,"_64":868},{"_143":457},[869],"cursor.fetchone()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":871,"_64":872},{},[873],"After executing the query, we need to fetch the booking details:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":875,"_64":876},{"_66":800},[877],["SingleFetchClassInstance",878],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":879,"_64":880},{"_132":881},[801],"#fetch-and-display-the-booking-details",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":883,"_64":884},{"_143":457},[885],"cursor.execute(\n \"\"\"\n SELECT\n booking.reference_number,\n guest.name,\n guest.email,\n booking.check_in,\n booking.check_out,\n room_type.code,\n booking.airport_pickup_time,\n booking.breakfast\n FROM\n booking\n JOIN\n guest ON booking.guest_id = guest.id\n JOIN\n room_type ON booking.room_type_id = room_type.id\n WHERE booking.referenceNumber = %s;\"\n \"\"\",\n [reference_number]\n)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":887,"_64":888},{},[889,890,891],"Next, we need to write the query to get a single booking based on the reference number. This will be similar to the query used for retrieving all bookings, but with a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",892]," clause specific to the reference number.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":893,"_64":894},{},[895],"WHERE",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":897,"_64":898},{"_66":803},[899],["SingleFetchClassInstance",900],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":901,"_64":902},{"_132":903},[804],"#write-the-query-for-a-single-booking",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":905,"_64":906},{"_143":457},[907],"cursor.close()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":909,"_64":910},{},[911],"Don't forget to close the cursor at the end of your code:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":913,"_64":914},{"_143":457},[744],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":916,"_64":917},{},[918],"First, just like in the previous tutorial, we need to set up our database connection and cursor:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":920,"_64":921},{"_66":806},[922],["SingleFetchClassInstance",923],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":924,"_64":925},{"_132":926},[807],"#prepare-the-database-connection-and-cursor",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":928,"_64":929},{},[930],"In the previous lesson, we learned how to create new bookings in our database. Now, we will write the code to return the information for one particular booking using the reference number from the URL. This will allow us to eventually update the booking information on a detail page.",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":932,"_64":933},{"_66":940},[934],["SingleFetchClassInstance",935],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":936,"_64":937},{"_132":939},[938],"Retrieving and displaying a single booking with Flask","#retrieving-and-displaying-a-single-booking-with-flask","retrieving-and-displaying-a-single-booking-with-flask","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/inserting-guests-and-bookings","inserting-guests-and-bookings",[980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002],"Inserting data into a Flask application\nIn this lesson, we are going to create a route to add new bookings in our booking system. Our goal is to fill out a form, submit it, and have all the data saved to the database. We'll work on the following parts:\nConnect to the database and create a cursor\nDetermine if the guest email exists and update the name if needed\nCreate a new guest if the email doesn't exist\nGet the ID of the room type selected\nInsert the booking information into the database\nConnect to the database and create a Cursor\nLet's begin by connecting to our database. First, import the get_db function from our project. Then, create a cursor that returns dictionary results:from project_name.db import get_db\n\ndb = get_db()\ncursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n\nRemember to close the cursor at the end of your code:cursor.close()\n\nCheck email and update guest name\nNext, we'll write a query to determine if the email already exists in the system. If it does, we'll update the guest's name and retrieve their ID.cursor.execute(\"SELECT id, name FROM guest WHERE email = %s\", [request.form['email']])\nguest = cursor.fetchone()\n\nif guest:\n guest_id = guest['id']\n if request.form['name'] != guest['name']:\n cursor.execute(\n \"UPDATE guest SET name = %s WHERE id = %s\",\n [request.form['name'], guest_id]\n )\n\n\nCreate a new guest\nIf the email doesn't exist, we'll create a new guest and get their ID.else:\n cursor.execute(\n \"INSERT INTO guest (name, email) VALUES (%s, %s)\",\n [request.form['name'], request.form['email']]\n )\n guest_id = cursor.lastrowid\n\nGet room_type_id\nBefore inserting the booking information into the database, we need to get the room type ID based on the selected room type.cursor.execute(\"SELECT id FROM room_type WHERE code = %s\", [request.form['room_type']])\nroom_type = cursor.fetchone()\n\nInsert booking information\nFinally, insert the booking information into the booking table and commit the changes to the database.cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n INSERT INTO booking\n (check_in, check_out, guest_id, reference_number, breakfast, airport_pickup_time, room_type_id)\n VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)\n\"\"\",\n [\n request.form['check_in'],\n request.form['check_out'],\n guest_id,\n reference_number,\n bool(request.form.get('breakfast')),\n request.form['airport_pickup_time'],\n room_type['id']\n ]\n)\n\ndb.commit()\n\nNow when you submit the form with the required information, the new booking will be added to the database, and you'll be able to see the booking details in your system.\nConclusion\nIn this lesson, we've created a route to insert new bookings into our booking system. We connected to the database, checked if a guest email exists and updated the name, created a new guest when the email doesn't exist, got the ID for the selected room type, and inserted booking information into the database. In future lessons, we'll explore how to display detailed information for each booking in our system.",[956,957,958,959,960,961],"Inserting guests and bookings","Insert bookings into our hotel management application.",7,{"_55":954,"_39":955},{"_51":952,"_53":953},"2023-11-08T19:28:43.754Z",528,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821332650","/assets/inserting-guests-and-bookings-social-D-A7ijCm.png","Learn how to insert data into a hotel management application using Flask and MySQL.",{"_64":977,"_66":978,"_68":42,"_37":979},{"_64":974,"_66":975,"_68":42,"_37":976},{"_64":971,"_66":972,"_68":42,"_37":973},{"_64":968,"_66":969,"_68":42,"_37":970},{"_64":965,"_66":966,"_68":42,"_37":967},{"_64":962,"_66":963,"_68":42,"_37":964},[],"conclusion","Conclusion",[],"insert-booking-information","Insert booking information",[],"get-room_type_id","Get room_type_id",[],"create-a-new-guest","Create a new guest",[],"check-email-and-update-guest-name","Check email and update guest name",[],"connect-to-the-database-and-create-a-cursor","Connect to the database and create a Cursor",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1155],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1151],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1123],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1115],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1105],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1101],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1097],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1094],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1086],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1082],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1078],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1070],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1066],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1062],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1049],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1045],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1041],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1033],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1023],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1019],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1015],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1007],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1003],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1004,"_64":1005},{},[1006],"In this lesson, we've created a route to insert new bookings into our booking system. We connected to the database, checked if a guest email exists and updated the name, created a new guest when the email doesn't exist, got the ID for the selected room type, and inserted booking information into the database. In future lessons, we'll explore how to display detailed information for each booking in our system.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1008,"_64":1009},{"_66":963},[1010],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1011],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1012,"_64":1013},{"_132":1014},[964],"#conclusion",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1016,"_64":1017},{},[1018],"Now when you submit the form with the required information, the new booking will be added to the database, and you'll be able to see the booking details in your system.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1020,"_64":1021},{"_143":457},[1022],"cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n INSERT INTO booking\n (check_in, check_out, guest_id, reference_number, breakfast, airport_pickup_time, room_type_id)\n VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)\n\"\"\",\n [\n request.form['check_in'],\n request.form['check_out'],\n guest_id,\n reference_number,\n bool(request.form.get('breakfast')),\n request.form['airport_pickup_time'],\n room_type['id']\n ]\n)\n\ndb.commit()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1024,"_64":1025},{},[1026,1027,1028],"Finally, insert the booking information into the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1029]," table and commit the changes to the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1030,"_64":1031},{},[1032],"booking",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1034,"_64":1035},{"_66":966},[1036],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1037],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1038,"_64":1039},{"_132":1040},[967],"#insert-booking-information",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1042,"_64":1043},{"_143":457},[1044],"cursor.execute(\"SELECT id FROM room_type WHERE code = %s\", [request.form['room_type']])\nroom_type = cursor.fetchone()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1046,"_64":1047},{},[1048],"Before inserting the booking information into the database, we need to get the room type ID based on the selected room type.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1050,"_64":1051},{"_66":969},[1052],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1053],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1054,"_64":1055},{"_132":1061},[1056,1057],"Get ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1058],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1059,"_64":1060},{},[676],"#get-room_type_id",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1063,"_64":1064},{"_143":457},[1065],"else:\n cursor.execute(\n \"INSERT INTO guest (name, email) VALUES (%s, %s)\",\n [request.form['name'], request.form['email']]\n )\n guest_id = cursor.lastrowid\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1067,"_64":1068},{},[1069],"If the email doesn't exist, we'll create a new guest and get their ID.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1071,"_64":1072},{"_66":972},[1073],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1074],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1075,"_64":1076},{"_132":1077},[973],"#create-a-new-guest",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1079,"_64":1080},{"_143":457},[1081],"cursor.execute(\"SELECT id, name FROM guest WHERE email = %s\", [request.form['email']])\nguest = cursor.fetchone()\n\nif guest:\n guest_id = guest['id']\n if request.form['name'] != guest['name']:\n cursor.execute(\n \"UPDATE guest SET name = %s WHERE id = %s\",\n [request.form['name'], guest_id]\n )\n\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1083,"_64":1084},{},[1085],"Next, we'll write a query to determine if the email already exists in the system. If it does, we'll update the guest's name and retrieve their ID.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1087,"_64":1088},{"_66":975},[1089],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1090],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1091,"_64":1092},{"_132":1093},[976],"#check-email-and-update-guest-name",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1095,"_64":1096},{"_143":457},[907],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1098,"_64":1099},{},[1100],"Remember to close the cursor at the end of your code:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1102,"_64":1103},{"_143":457},[1104],"from project_name.db import get_db\n\ndb = get_db()\ncursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1106,"_64":1107},{},[1108,1109,1110],"Let's begin by connecting to our database. First, import the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1111]," function from our project. Then, create a cursor that returns dictionary results:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1112,"_64":1113},{},[1114],"get_db",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1116,"_64":1117},{"_66":978},[1118],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1119],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1120,"_64":1121},{"_132":1122},[979],"#connect-to-the-database-and-create-a-cursor",{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":1124,"_64":1125},{},[1126,1127,1128,1129,1130],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1147],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1143],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1139],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1135],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1131],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1132,"_64":1133},{},[1134],"Insert the booking information into the database",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1136,"_64":1137},{},[1138],"Get the ID of the room type selected",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1140,"_64":1141},{},[1142],"Create a new guest if the email doesn't exist",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1144,"_64":1145},{},[1146],"Determine if the guest email exists and update the name if needed",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1148,"_64":1149},{},[1150],"Connect to the database and create a cursor",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1152,"_64":1153},{},[1154],"In this lesson, we are going to create a route to add new bookings in our booking system. Our goal is to fill out a form, submit it, and have all the data saved to the database. We'll work on the following parts:",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":1156,"_64":1157},{"_66":1164},[1158],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1159],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1160,"_64":1161},{"_132":1163},[1162],"Inserting data into a Flask application","#inserting-data-into-a-flask-application","inserting-data-into-a-flask-application","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/queries-for-the-main-page","queries-for-the-main-page",[1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219],"Using JOIN in SQL queries in Flask\nIn this lesson, we'll learn how to write a query to generate a list of bookings or reservations in our hotel booking system. We'll also explore how to incorporate multiple joins in the query to gather information from different tables for a more in-depth result.\nSetting up the query\nTo begin, let's head over to the index route in our code. Here, we have an empty list called bookings. This will eventually become the list of dictionaries that represents the results from the database.\nFirst, we need to get the database and create a cursor:db = get_db()\ncursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n\nNow, let's close the cursor underneath the bookings variable:cursor.close()\n\nWith everything set up, it's time to write the actual query.cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n SELECT\n booking.reference_number,\n guest.name,\n booking.check_in,\n booking.check_out,\n room_type.description,\n booking.airport_pickup_time,\n booking.breakfast\n FROM\n booking\n JOIN\n guest ON booking.guest_id = guest.id\n JOIN\n room_type ON booking.room_type_id = room_type.id;\n\"\"\")\n\nIn the multi-line string provided above, notice that we first specify the columns needed to complete our list (which include reference_number, guest_name, check_in and check_out dates, room_type.description, airport_pickup_time, and breakfast_details), and then we write the JOIN statements.\nHere, we are joining two tables: the guest and room_type tables. By joining the tables, we can access additional information about the guests who made a booking as well as the room type they booked.\nReturning and displaying the results\nNow that the query is in place, let's update the bookings variable below it:bookings = cursor.fetchall()\n\nThe fetchall() function returns a list of dictionaries, which will then be passed to the template.\nLet's now check if our list of reservations is generated as expected. Refresh the page in your browser or web-server to see the list of bookings.\nBreaking down the template\nTo understand how the generated list is displayed on the page, let's look at an example in the list template. The template includes a loop that goes through the bookings variable.\nEach item in the loop represents a row in the database, which is a dictionary. The template then references the different columns using the item:\nFor the breakfast field, we use an if statement to display Yes if the value is true and No if the value is false. For the airport_pickup_time, we display the time if there is a value, and nothing if it's empty.\nWrapping up\nAnd that's it for the index page, or the home page of the hotel booking system! In the next part, we will work on the route that allows us to create new bookings in our system and save them to the database.",[1180,1181,1182,1183],"Queries for the main page","Query the database, loop through the data, and display the results.",6,{"_55":1178,"_39":1179},{"_51":1176,"_53":1177},"2023-11-08T19:28:26.635Z",252,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821331674","/assets/queries-for-the-main-page-social-dmQwDCgu.png","Learn how to query data from your MySQL database, loop through the data, and display it in Flask.",{"_64":1193,"_66":1194,"_68":42,"_37":1195},{"_64":1190,"_66":1191,"_68":42,"_37":1192},{"_64":1187,"_66":1188,"_68":42,"_37":1189},{"_64":1184,"_66":1185,"_68":42,"_37":1186},[],"wrapping-up","Wrapping up",[],"breaking-down-the-template","Breaking down the template",[],"returning-and-displaying-the-results","Returning and displaying the results",[],"setting-up-the-query","Setting up the query",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1438],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1434],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1426],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1417],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1413],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1410],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1401],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1398],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1394],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1390],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1342],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1327],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1319],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1310],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1306],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1296],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1292],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1284],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1268],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1264],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1260],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1232],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1224],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1220],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1221,"_64":1222},{},[1223],"And that's it for the index page, or the home page of the hotel booking system! In the next part, we will work on the route that allows us to create new bookings in our system and save them to the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1225,"_64":1226},{"_66":1185},[1227],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1228],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1229,"_64":1230},{"_132":1231},[1186],"#wrapping-up",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1233,"_64":1234},{},[1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243],"For the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1256]," field, we use an if statement to display ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1252]," if the value is true and ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1248]," if the value is false. For the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1244],", we display the time if there is a value, and nothing if it's empty.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1245,"_64":1246},{},[1247],"airport_pickup_time",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1249,"_64":1250},{},[1251],"No",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1253,"_64":1254},{},[1255],"Yes",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1257,"_64":1258},{},[1259],"breakfast",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1261,"_64":1262},{"_143":457},[1263],"{% for item in bookings %}\n\n {{ item.reference_number }}\n {{ item.name }}\n {{ item.check_in }}\n {{ item.check_out }}\n {{ item.description }}\n {% if item.breakfast %}Yes{% else %}No{% endif %}\n {{ item.airport_pickup_time or '' }}\n\n{% endfor %}\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1265,"_64":1266},{},[1267],"Each item in the loop represents a row in the database, which is a dictionary. The template then references the different columns using the item:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1269,"_64":1270},{},[1271,1272,1273,1274,1275],"To understand how the generated list is displayed on the page, let's look at an example in the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1280]," template. The template includes a loop that goes through the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1276]," variable.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1277,"_64":1278},{},[1279],"bookings",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1281,"_64":1282},{},[1283],"list",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1285,"_64":1286},{"_66":1188},[1287],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1288],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1289,"_64":1290},{"_132":1291},[1189],"#breaking-down-the-template",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1293,"_64":1294},{},[1295],"Let's now check if our list of reservations is generated as expected. Refresh the page in your browser or web-server to see the list of bookings.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1297,"_64":1298},{},[1299,1300,1301],"The ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1302]," function returns a list of dictionaries, which will then be passed to the template.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1303,"_64":1304},{},[1305],"fetchall()",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1307,"_64":1308},{"_143":457},[1309],"bookings = cursor.fetchall()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1311,"_64":1312},{},[1313,1314,1315],"Now that the query is in place, let's update the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1316]," variable below it:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1317,"_64":1318},{},[1279],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1320,"_64":1321},{"_66":1191},[1322],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1323],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1324,"_64":1325},{"_132":1326},[1192],"#returning-and-displaying-the-results",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1328,"_64":1329},{},[1330,1331,1332,1333,1334],"Here, we are joining two tables: the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1338]," and ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1335]," tables. By joining the tables, we can access additional information about the guests who made a booking as well as the room type they booked.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1336,"_64":1337},{},[680],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1339,"_64":1340},{},[1341],"guest",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1343,"_64":1344},{},[1345,1346,1347,1348,1347,1349,1332,1350,1351,1352,1347,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358],"In the multi-line string provided above, notice that we first specify the columns needed to complete our list (which include ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1386],", ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1382],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1378],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1374]," dates, ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1370],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1367],", and ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1363],"), and then we write the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1359]," statements.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1360,"_64":1361},{},[1362],"JOIN",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1364,"_64":1365},{},[1366],"breakfast_details",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1368,"_64":1369},{},[1247],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1371,"_64":1372},{},[1373],"room_type.description",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1375,"_64":1376},{},[1377],"check_out",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1379,"_64":1380},{},[1381],"check_in",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1383,"_64":1384},{},[1385],"guest_name",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1387,"_64":1388},{},[1389],"reference_number",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1391,"_64":1392},{"_143":457},[1393],"cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n SELECT\n booking.reference_number,\n guest.name,\n booking.check_in,\n booking.check_out,\n room_type.description,\n booking.airport_pickup_time,\n booking.breakfast\n FROM\n booking\n JOIN\n guest ON booking.guest_id = guest.id\n JOIN\n room_type ON booking.room_type_id = room_type.id;\n\"\"\")\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1395,"_64":1396},{},[1397],"With everything set up, it's time to write the actual query.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1399,"_64":1400},{"_143":457},[907],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1402,"_64":1403},{},[1404,1405,1406],"Now, let's close the cursor underneath the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1407]," variable:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1408,"_64":1409},{},[1279],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1411,"_64":1412},{"_143":457},[744],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1414,"_64":1415},{},[1416],"First, we need to get the database and create a cursor:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1418,"_64":1419},{},[1420,1421,1422],"To begin, let's head over to the index route in our code. Here, we have an empty list called ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1423],". This will eventually become the list of dictionaries that represents the results from the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1424,"_64":1425},{},[1279],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1427,"_64":1428},{"_66":1194},[1429],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1430],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1431,"_64":1432},{"_132":1433},[1195],"#setting-up-the-query",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1435,"_64":1436},{},[1437],"In this lesson, we'll learn how to write a query to generate a list of bookings or reservations in our hotel booking system. We'll also explore how to incorporate multiple joins in the query to gather information from different tables for a more in-depth result.",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":1439,"_64":1440},{"_66":1452},[1441],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1442],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1443,"_64":1444},{"_132":1451},[1445,1446,1447],"Using ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1448]," in SQL queries in Flask",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1449,"_64":1450},{},[1362],"#using-join-in-sql-queries-in-flask","using-join-in-sql-queries-in-flask","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/querying-for-room-types","querying-for-room-types",[1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512],"Writing our first query in the Flask app\nIn this lesson, we'll walk through the process of writing our first database query inside the Flask app. This query will fetch the available room types in our hotel management system.\nIf you remember from the previous lesson, we set up the database connection inside a getDB function. Now, we're going to make use of that function to write and execute our query.\nFetching room types\nTo demonstrate the process, we'll be working on the getRoomType function inside the routes.py file. The purpose of this function is to make the available room types accessible within every template of our hotel management app.\nThe context_processor decorator ensures that the result of this function is available in every template. To give you an idea of what it looks like, consider the following example from the single.html file:\nHere, the room_types variable is automatically inserted by the context processor, and then looped through to display the room types as options in a dropdown menu.\nWriting the database query\nNow, let's get back to routes.py and write the database query inside our getRoomType function.\nFirst, we need to obtain the database connection:db = getDB()\n\nThen, we want to open a cursor, enabling us to interact with the database:cursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n\nWith the cursor ready, we can now execute our query:cursor.execute(\"SELECT code, description FROM room_type\")\n\nReplace the existing empty list with the results from the query:room_types = cursor.fetchall()\n\nThe room_types variable will now be a list of dictionaries, as we set dictionary=True when initializing the cursor.\nFinally, don't forget to close the cursor after fetching the results:cursor.close()\n\nThe modified getRoomType function will look like this:@app.context_processor\ndef getRoomType():\n db = getDB()\n cursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n cursor.execute(\"SELECT code, description FROM room_type\")\n room_types = cursor.fetchall()\n cursor.close()\n return {\"room_types\": room_types}\n\nTesting the query and database connection\nTo see if our query and database connection are working as expected, let's start the Flask app by running:flask run\n\nIf there are no errors, open up the app in the browser. An error like this might be displayed if the database connection isn't working:KeyError: 'DB_USER'\n\nIn case the error occurs, something in your configuration isn't set correctly. In this example, the error can be resolved by changing the configuration key from DB_USER to DB_USERNAME.\nIf the error persists, double-check your configuration settings. Once you refresh the page and everything loads correctly, you'll know that your database connection is working and your query is functioning as intended.\nWrapping up\nIn this lesson, we demonstrated how to write and execute our first query in a Flask app. In the next tutorial, we'll move forward and create queries for fetching details about the current bookings and reservations within our hotel management system. Stay tuned!",[1467,1468,1469,1470],"Querying for room types","Learn how to write your first query and connect to a database in Flask.",5,{"_51":1465,"_53":1466},"2023-11-08T19:30:14.121Z",{"_55":1464},"/assets/querying-for-room-types-social-BZ4HRDvj.png",175,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821331092",{"_64":1478,"_66":1479,"_68":42,"_37":1480},{"_64":1475,"_66":1476,"_68":42,"_37":1477},{"_64":1472,"_66":1473,"_68":42,"_37":1474},{"_64":1471,"_66":1185,"_68":42,"_37":1186},[],[],"testing-the-query-and-database-connection","Testing the query and database connection",[],"writing-the-database-query","Writing the database query",[],"fetching-room-types","Fetching room types",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1721],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1717],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1707],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1699],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1685],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1670],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1666],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1657],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1649],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1634],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1630],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1626],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1622],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1618],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1614],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1610],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1606],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1602],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1587],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1583],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1580],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1570],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1566],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1558],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1554],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1551],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1547],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1543],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1528],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1524],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1517],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1513],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1514,"_64":1515},{},[1516],"In this lesson, we demonstrated how to write and execute our first query in a Flask app. In the next tutorial, we'll move forward and create queries for fetching details about the current bookings and reservations within our hotel management system. Stay tuned!",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1518,"_64":1519},{"_66":1185},[1520],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1521],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1522,"_64":1523},{"_132":1231},[1186],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1525,"_64":1526},{},[1527],"If the error persists, double-check your configuration settings. Once you refresh the page and everything loads correctly, you'll know that your database connection is working and your query is functioning as intended.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1529,"_64":1530},{},[1531,1532,1533,1534,672],"In case the error occurs, something in your configuration isn't set correctly. In this example, the error can be resolved by changing the configuration key from ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1539]," to ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1535],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1536,"_64":1537},{},[1538],"DB_USERNAME",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1540,"_64":1541},{},[1542],"DB_USER",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1544,"_64":1545},{"_143":457},[1546],"KeyError: 'DB_USER'\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1548,"_64":1549},{},[1550],"If there are no errors, open up the app in the browser. An error like this might be displayed if the database connection isn't working:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1552,"_64":1553},{"_143":457},[142],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1555,"_64":1556},{},[1557],"To see if our query and database connection are working as expected, let's start the Flask app by running:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1559,"_64":1560},{"_66":1473},[1561],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1562],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1563,"_64":1564},{"_132":1565},[1474],"#testing-the-query-and-database-connection",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1567,"_64":1568},{"_143":457},[1569],"@app.context_processor\ndef getRoomType():\n db = getDB()\n cursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n cursor.execute(\"SELECT code, description FROM room_type\")\n room_types = cursor.fetchall()\n cursor.close()\n return {\"room_types\": room_types}\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1571,"_64":1572},{},[1573,1574,1575],"The modified ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1576]," function will look like this:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1577,"_64":1578},{},[1579],"getRoomType",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1581,"_64":1582},{"_143":457},[907],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1584,"_64":1585},{},[1586],"Finally, don't forget to close the cursor after fetching the results:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1588,"_64":1589},{},[1299,1590,1591,1592,1593],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1598]," variable will now be a list of dictionaries, as we set ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1594]," when initializing the cursor.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1595,"_64":1596},{},[1597],"dictionary=True",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1599,"_64":1600},{},[1601],"room_types",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1603,"_64":1604},{"_143":457},[1605],"room_types = cursor.fetchall()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1607,"_64":1608},{},[1609],"Replace the existing empty list with the results from the query:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1611,"_64":1612},{"_143":457},[1613],"cursor.execute(\"SELECT code, description FROM room_type\")\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1615,"_64":1616},{},[1617],"With the cursor ready, we can now execute our query:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1619,"_64":1620},{"_143":457},[1621],"cursor = db.cursor(dictionary=True)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1623,"_64":1624},{},[1625],"Then, we want to open a cursor, enabling us to interact with the database:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1627,"_64":1628},{"_143":457},[1629],"db = getDB()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1631,"_64":1632},{},[1633],"First, we need to obtain the database connection:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1635,"_64":1636},{},[1637,1638,1639,1640,1641],"Now, let's get back to ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1645]," and write the database query inside our ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1642]," function.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1643,"_64":1644},{},[1579],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1646,"_64":1647},{},[1648],"routes.py",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1650,"_64":1651},{"_66":1476},[1652],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1653],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1654,"_64":1655},{"_132":1656},[1477],"#writing-the-database-query",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1658,"_64":1659},{},[1660,1661,1662],"Here, the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1663]," variable is automatically inserted by the context processor, and then looped through to display the room types as options in a dropdown menu.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1664,"_64":1665},{},[1601],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1667,"_64":1668},{"_143":457},[1669],"{% for type in room_types %}\n \n{% endfor %}\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1671,"_64":1672},{},[1299,1673,1674,1675,1676],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1681]," decorator ensures that the result of this function is available in every template. To give you an idea of what it looks like, consider the following example from the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1677]," file:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1678,"_64":1679},{},[1680],"single.html",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1682,"_64":1683},{},[1684],"context_processor",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1686,"_64":1687},{},[1688,1689,1690,1691,1692],"To demonstrate the process, we'll be working on the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1696]," function inside the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1693]," file. The purpose of this function is to make the available room types accessible within every template of our hotel management app.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1694,"_64":1695},{},[1648],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1697,"_64":1698},{},[1579],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1700,"_64":1701},{"_66":1479},[1702],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1703],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1704,"_64":1705},{"_132":1706},[1480],"#fetching-room-types",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1708,"_64":1709},{},[1710,1711,1712],"If you remember from the previous lesson, we set up the database connection inside a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1713]," function. Now, we're going to make use of that function to write and execute our query.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1714,"_64":1715},{},[1716],"getDB",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1718,"_64":1719},{},[1720],"In this lesson, we'll walk through the process of writing our first database query inside the Flask app. This query will fetch the available room types in our hotel management system.",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":1722,"_64":1723},{"_66":1730},[1724],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1725],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1726,"_64":1727},{"_132":1729},[1728],"Writing our first query in the Flask app","#writing-our-first-query-in-the-flask-app","writing-our-first-query-in-the-flask-app","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/connecting-to-the-planetscale-database","connecting-to-the-planetscale-database",[1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774],"Connecting to the MySQL database in a Flask app\nIn the previous parts of this section, we set up the starting files for our Flask app, and created our MySQL database. Now, it's time to connect our app to the database. In this lesson, we will cover how to write a getdb function to connect to the MySQL database and close the connection after each request.\nStep 1: Create the getdb function\nWe are going to write the connection code once in the getdb function and return the database connection anytime it's needed in our routes. To do this, open the db.py file and locate the getdb function. Now, let's connect to the database and assign the connection to g.db so we can return it later.\nTo connect to the MySQL database, use the mysql.connector.connect function with the following configuration values:\nHost: current_app.config['DB_HOST']\nUser: current_app.config['DB_USER']\nPassword: current_app.config['DB_PASSWORD']\nDatabase: current_app.config['DB_DATABASE']\nSSL settings: ssl_verify_identity=True, ssl_ca='path/to/SSL/certs/ca-cert.pem'\nHere's the code to connect to the MySQL database:from flask import current_app, g\nimport mysql.connector\n\ndef getdb():\n if 'db' not in g or not g.db.is_connected():\n g.db = mysql.connector.connect(\n host=current_app.config['DB_HOST'],\n user=current_app.config['DB_USER'],\n password=current_app.config['DB_PASSWORD'],\n database=current_app.config['DB_DATABASE'],\n ssl_verify_identity=True,\n ssl_ca='SSL/certs/ca-cert.pem'\n )\n return g.db\n\nThis code will first check if the database connection exists in g and if it's connected. If it doesn't exist or it's not connected, it will create a new connection using the configuration values from the app.\nStep 2: Close the database connection after each request\nTo close the database connection after each request, we will define a function and pass it to the teardown_appcontext decorator. Flask will then automatically execute this code every time a request ends.\nHere's the code to close the database connection:from flask import current_app, g\nimport mysql.connector\nfrom flask import current_app\n\ndef close_db(e=None):\n db = g.pop('db', None)\n\n if db is not None and db.is_connected():\n db.close()\n\ncurrent_app.teardown_appcontext(close_db)\n\nThis code will first get the database connection from g and then call the db.close() method to close the connection if it's not None and it's connected.\nStep 3: Use the getdb function in routes\nNow, to use the database connection in our routes, we can simply call the getdb function, which will return the connection.from flask import Flask\nfrom . import db\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef home():\n connection = db.getdb()\n # Use the connection to interact with the database, e.g., execute queries\n\nIn the next lesson, we will write the first SQL query for our app and test if the database connection is working as expected.",[1745,1746,1747],"Connecting to the PlanetScale database","In this lesson, you'll learn how to connect the Flask app to your MySQL PlanetScale database.",4,{"_51":1743,"_53":1744},"2023-11-08T19:31:34.759Z",{"_55":1742},"/assets/connecting-to-the-planetscale-database-social-B8iFf3f3.png",207,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821093155",{"_64":1754,"_66":1755,"_68":42,"_37":1756},{"_64":1751,"_66":1752,"_68":42,"_37":1753},{"_64":1748,"_66":1749,"_68":42,"_37":1750},[],"step-3-use-the-getdb-function-in-routes","Step 3: Use the getdb function in routes",[],"step-2-close-the-database-connection-after-each-request","Step 2: Close the database connection after each request",[],"step-1-create-the-getdb-function","Step 1: Create the getdb function",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2005],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1996],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1982],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1956],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1946],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1866],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1862],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1858],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1849],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1841],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1831],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1827],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1823],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1807],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1793],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1783],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1779],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1775],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1776,"_64":1777},{},[1778],"In the next lesson, we will write the first SQL query for our app and test if the database connection is working as expected.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1780,"_64":1781},{"_143":457},[1782],"from flask import Flask\nfrom . import db\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n@app.route('/')\ndef home():\n connection = db.getdb()\n # Use the connection to interact with the database, e.g., execute queries\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1784,"_64":1785},{},[1786,1787,1788],"Now, to use the database connection in our routes, we can simply call the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1789]," function, which will return the connection.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1790,"_64":1791},{},[1792],"getdb",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1794,"_64":1795},{"_66":1749},[1796],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1797],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1798,"_64":1799},{"_132":1806},[1800,1801,1802],"Step 3: Use the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1803]," function in routes",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1804,"_64":1805},{},[1792],"#step-3-use-the-getdb-function-in-routes",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1808,"_64":1809},{},[1810,1811,1812,1813,1814],"This code will first get the database connection from ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1819]," and then call the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1815]," method to close the connection if it's not None and it's connected.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1816,"_64":1817},{},[1818],"db.close()",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1820,"_64":1821},{},[1822],"g",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1824,"_64":1825},{"_143":457},[1826],"from flask import current_app, g\nimport mysql.connector\nfrom flask import current_app\n\ndef close_db(e=None):\n db = g.pop('db', None)\n\n if db is not None and db.is_connected():\n db.close()\n\ncurrent_app.teardown_appcontext(close_db)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1828,"_64":1829},{},[1830],"Here's the code to close the database connection:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1832,"_64":1833},{},[1834,1835,1836],"To close the database connection after each request, we will define a function and pass it to the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1837]," decorator. Flask will then automatically execute this code every time a request ends.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1838,"_64":1839},{},[1840],"teardown_appcontext",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1842,"_64":1843},{"_66":1752},[1844],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1845],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1846,"_64":1847},{"_132":1848},[1753],"#step-2-close-the-database-connection-after-each-request",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1850,"_64":1851},{},[1852,1853,1854],"This code will first check if the database connection exists in ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1855]," and if it's connected. If it doesn't exist or it's not connected, it will create a new connection using the configuration values from the app.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1856,"_64":1857},{},[1822],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":1859,"_64":1860},{"_143":457},[1861],"from flask import current_app, g\nimport mysql.connector\n\ndef getdb():\n if 'db' not in g or not g.db.is_connected():\n g.db = mysql.connector.connect(\n host=current_app.config['DB_HOST'],\n user=current_app.config['DB_USER'],\n password=current_app.config['DB_PASSWORD'],\n database=current_app.config['DB_DATABASE'],\n ssl_verify_identity=True,\n ssl_ca='SSL/certs/ca-cert.pem'\n )\n return g.db\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1863,"_64":1864},{},[1865],"Here's the code to connect to the MySQL database:",{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":1867,"_64":1868},{},[1869,1870,1871,1872,1873],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1933],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1920],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1907],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1894],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1874],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1875,"_64":1876},{},[1877,1878,1879,1347,1880],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1889],": ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1885],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1881],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1882,"_64":1883},{},[1884],"ssl_ca='path/to/SSL/certs/ca-cert.pem'",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1886,"_64":1887},{},[1888],"ssl_verify_identity=True",{"_115":116,"_117":1890,"_119":1891,"_64":1892},"strong",{},[1893],"SSL settings",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1895,"_64":1896},{},[1897,1878,1898],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1903],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1899],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1900,"_64":1901},{},[1902],"current_app.config['DB_DATABASE']",{"_115":116,"_117":1890,"_119":1904,"_64":1905},{},[1906],"Database",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1908,"_64":1909},{},[1910,1878,1911],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1916],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1912],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1913,"_64":1914},{},[1915],"current_app.config['DB_PASSWORD']",{"_115":116,"_117":1890,"_119":1917,"_64":1918},{},[1919],"Password",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1921,"_64":1922},{},[1923,1878,1924],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1929],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1925],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1926,"_64":1927},{},[1928],"current_app.config['DB_USER']",{"_115":116,"_117":1890,"_119":1930,"_64":1931},{},[1932],"User",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":1934,"_64":1935},{},[1936,1878,1937],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1942],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1938],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1939,"_64":1940},{},[1941],"current_app.config['DB_HOST']",{"_115":116,"_117":1890,"_119":1943,"_64":1944},{},[1945],"Host",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1947,"_64":1948},{},[1949,1950,1951],"To connect to the MySQL database, use the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1952]," function with the following configuration values:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1953,"_64":1954},{},[1955],"mysql.connector.connect",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1957,"_64":1958},{},[1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967],"We are going to write the connection code once in the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1979]," function and return the database connection anytime it's needed in our routes. To do this, open the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1975]," file and locate the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1972]," function. Now, let's connect to the database and assign the connection to ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1968]," so we can return it later.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1969,"_64":1970},{},[1971],"g.db",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1973,"_64":1974},{},[1792],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1976,"_64":1977},{},[1978],"db.py",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1980,"_64":1981},{},[1792],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":1983,"_64":1984},{"_66":1755},[1985],["SingleFetchClassInstance",1986],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":1987,"_64":1988},{"_132":1995},[1989,1990,1991],"Step 1: Create the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",1992]," function",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":1993,"_64":1994},{},[1792],"#step-1-create-the-getdb-function",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":1997,"_64":1998},{},[1999,2000,2001],"In the previous parts of this section, we set up the starting files for our Flask app, and created our MySQL database. Now, it's time to connect our app to the database. In this lesson, we will cover how to write a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2002]," function to connect to the MySQL database and close the connection after each request.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2003,"_64":2004},{},[1792],{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":2006,"_64":2007},{"_66":2014},[2008],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2009],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":2010,"_64":2011},{"_132":2013},[2012],"Connecting to the MySQL database in a Flask app","#connecting-to-the-mysql-database-in-a-flask-app","connecting-to-the-mysql-database-in-a-flask-app","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/building-a-flask-app-with-mysql/creating-the-schema","creating-the-schema",[2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066],"Setting up the database schema for a Flask application\nIn this lesson, we're going to set up the database schema for the hotel management app. The schema consists of three tables: guest, booking, and room_type. We'll be using PlanetScale for our database, and the app will be built using Flask.\nOur application's schema\nThe schema includes the following tables and columns:\nguest\nid\nname\nemail\nbooking\nid\ncheck_in\ncheck_out\nguest_id (foreign key referencing the guests table)\nroom_type_id (foreign key referencing the room type table)\nbreakfast\nairport_pickup_time\nreference_number\nroom_type\nid\ndescription\ncode\nYou can find the schema definition in the schema.sql file within the hotel management app folder from the repo in the previous lesson.\nYou can use the following SQL code as an example of creating the tables:CREATE TABLE guests (\n id INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT,\n name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n email VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n PRIMARY KEY (id)\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE booking (\n id INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT,\n check_out DATE NOT NULL,\n check_in DATE NOT NULL,\n guest_id INTEGER,\n room_type_id INTEGER,\n breakfast BOOLEAN NOT NULL,\n airport_pickup_time TIME,\n reference_number CHAR(10) UNIQUE,\n PRIMARY KEY (id)\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE room_type (\n id INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT,\n description VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n code CHAR(10) NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n PRIMARY KEY (id)\n);\n\nImporting the schema into the database\nTo import the schema into your database, follow these steps:\nOpen a terminal or command prompt.\nYou'll be using the PlanetScale CLI, so make sure that's set up first.\nRun pscale login and authenticate in the browser.\nConnect to the shell for your database by running pscale shell . If you followed the previous lessons, you may already have a hotel_management database set up. If so, you can connect to that. Otherwise, create a new database.\nIf your tables still exist in the previous database, you can delete them using DROP TABLE ;.\nCopy the SQL code for creating the tables from the schema.sql file, and paste it into the shell.\nVerify that the tables were created successfully by running SELECT * FROM ; for each table.\nUpdating the .env file\nNext, update your .env file with the following information:\nDB_HOST: The database host provided by PlanetScale.\nDB_USERNAME: Your database username.\nDB_PASSWORD: Your database password.\nDB_NAME: The name of your database.\nMake sure you've set these environment variables correctly, as your app will use them to connect to the database.\nOverview of the app files\nInside the hotel management app folder, you'll find the following files:\n__init__.py: Sets up the Flask app.\ndb.py: Contains the db() function that sets up the connection to the database, and the close_db() function that closes the connection. We'll work on this file in the next section.\nroutes.py: Defines the different routes that our app will use. Currently, it only returns templates without any data.\nThe app also includes a couple of HTML templates (single.html and list.html) for displaying reservation information.\nNext steps\nIn the next section, we'll work on creating the connection to the database using the db.py file. Once we have a connection, we can start implementing the app's functionality, such as creating new reservations, viewing all reservations, and updating or deleting existing reservations.",[2028,2029,2030,2031,2032],"Creating the schema","Learn how to set up the schema for our app. We'll be defining our tables for guests, bookings, and room types, and start using the PlanetScale database.",{"_51":2026,"_53":2027},"2023-11-08T19:31:49.521Z",{"_55":2025},"/assets/creating-the-schema-social-cID-V3An.png",355,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821091466",{"_64":2043,"_66":2044,"_68":42,"_37":2045},{"_64":2040,"_66":2041,"_68":42,"_37":2042},{"_64":2037,"_66":2038,"_68":42,"_37":2039},{"_64":2034,"_66":2035,"_68":42,"_37":2036},{"_64":2033,"_66":67,"_68":42,"_37":69},[],[],"overview-of-the-app-files","Overview of the app files",[],"updating-the-env-file","Updating the .env file",[],"importing-the-schema-into-the-database","Importing the schema into the database",[],"our-applications-schema","Our application's schema",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2522],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2498],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2490],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2486],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2332],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2323],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2319],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2314],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2306],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2302],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2222],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2208],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2198],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2156],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2152],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2144],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2140],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2097],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2083],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2076],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2067],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2068,"_64":2069},{},[2070,2071,2072],"In the next section, we'll work on creating the connection to the database using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2073]," file. Once we have a connection, we can start implementing the app's functionality, such as creating new reservations, viewing all reservations, and updating or deleting existing reservations.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2074,"_64":2075},{},[1978],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":2077,"_64":2078},{"_66":67},[2079],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2080],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":2081,"_64":2082},{"_132":133},[69],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2084,"_64":2085},{},[2086,2087,1332,2088,2089],"The app also includes a couple of HTML templates (",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2094],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2090],") for displaying reservation information.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2091,"_64":2092},{},[2093],"list.html",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2095,"_64":2096},{},[1680],{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":2098,"_64":2099},{},[2100,2101,2102],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2131],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2111],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2103],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2104,"_64":2105},{},[2106,2107],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2108],": Defines the different routes that our app will use. Currently, it only returns templates without any data.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2109,"_64":2110},{},[1648],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2112,"_64":2113},{},[2114,2115,2116,2117,2118,2119],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2128],": Contains the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2124]," function that sets up the connection to the database, and the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2120]," function that closes the connection. We'll work on this file in the next section.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2121,"_64":2122},{},[2123],"close_db()",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2125,"_64":2126},{},[2127],"db()",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2129,"_64":2130},{},[1978],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2132,"_64":2133},{},[2134,2135],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2136],": Sets up the Flask app.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2137,"_64":2138},{},[2139],"__init__.py",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2141,"_64":2142},{},[2143],"Inside the hotel management app folder, you'll find the following files:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":2145,"_64":2146},{"_66":2035},[2147],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2148],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":2149,"_64":2150},{"_132":2151},[2036],"#overview-of-the-app-files",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2153,"_64":2154},{},[2155],"Make sure you've set these environment variables correctly, as your app will use them to connect to the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":2157,"_64":2158},{},[2159,2160,2161,2162],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2189],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2181],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2172],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2163],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2164,"_64":2165},{},[2166,2167],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2168],": The name of your database.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2169,"_64":2170},{},[2171],"DB_NAME",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2173,"_64":2174},{},[2175,2176],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2177],": Your database password.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2178,"_64":2179},{},[2180],"DB_PASSWORD",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2182,"_64":2183},{},[2184,2185],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2186],": Your database username.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2187,"_64":2188},{},[1538],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2190,"_64":2191},{},[2192,2193],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2194],": The database host provided by PlanetScale.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2195,"_64":2196},{},[2197],"DB_HOST",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2199,"_64":2200},{},[2201,2202,2203],"Next, update your ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2204]," file with the following information:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2205,"_64":2206},{},[2207],".env",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":2209,"_64":2210},{"_66":2038},[2211],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2212],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":2213,"_64":2214},{"_132":2221},[2215,2216,2217],"Updating the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2218]," file",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2219,"_64":2220},{},[2207],"#updating-the-env-file",{"_115":116,"_117":201,"_119":2223,"_64":2224},{},[2225,2226,2227,2228,2229,2230,2231],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2298],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2287],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2277],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2261],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2252],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2242],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2232],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2233,"_64":2234},{},[2235,2236,2237],"Verify that the tables were created successfully by running ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2238]," for each table.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2239,"_64":2240},{},[2241],"SELECT * FROM ;",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2243,"_64":2244},{},[2245,2246,2247],"Copy the SQL code for creating the tables from the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2248]," file, and paste it into the shell.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2249,"_64":2250},{},[2251],"schema.sql",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2253,"_64":2254},{},[2255,2256,672],"If your tables still exist in the previous database, you can delete them using ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2257],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2258,"_64":2259},{},[2260],"DROP TABLE ;",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2262,"_64":2263},{},[2264,2265,2266,2267,2268],"Connect to the shell for your database by running ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2273],". If you followed the previous lessons, you may already have a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2269]," database set up. If so, you can connect to that. Otherwise, create a new database.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2270,"_64":2271},{},[2272],"hotel_management",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2274,"_64":2275},{},[2276],"pscale shell ",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2278,"_64":2279},{},[2280,2281,2282],"Run ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2283]," and authenticate in the browser.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2284,"_64":2285},{},[2286],"pscale login",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2288,"_64":2289},{},[2290,2291,2292],"You'll be using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2293],", so make sure that's set up first.",{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":2294,"_64":2295},{"_132":2297},[2296],"PlanetScale CLI","/docs/cli/planetscale-environment-setup",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2299,"_64":2300},{},[2301],"Open a terminal or command prompt.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2303,"_64":2304},{},[2305],"To import the schema into your database, follow these steps:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":2307,"_64":2308},{"_66":2041},[2309],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2310],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":2311,"_64":2312},{"_132":2313},[2042],"#importing-the-schema-into-the-database",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":2315,"_64":2316},{"_143":2318},[2317],"CREATE TABLE guests (\n id INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT,\n name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n email VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n PRIMARY KEY (id)\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE booking (\n id INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT,\n check_out DATE NOT NULL,\n check_in DATE NOT NULL,\n guest_id INTEGER,\n room_type_id INTEGER,\n breakfast BOOLEAN NOT NULL,\n airport_pickup_time TIME,\n reference_number CHAR(10) UNIQUE,\n PRIMARY KEY (id)\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE room_type (\n id INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT,\n description VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n code CHAR(10) NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n PRIMARY KEY (id)\n);\n","sql",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2320,"_64":2321},{},[2322],"You can use the following SQL code as an example of creating the tables:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2324,"_64":2325},{},[2326,2327,2328],"You can find the schema definition in the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",2329]," file within the hotel management app folder from the repo in the previous lesson.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2330,"_64":2331},{},[2251],{"_115":116,"_117":201,"_119":2333,"_64":2334},{},[2335,2336,2337],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2450],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2373],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2338],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2339,"_64":2340},{},[2341,2342],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2370],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2343],{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":2344,"_64":2345},{},[2346,2347,2348],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2363],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2356],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2349],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2350,"_64":2351},{},[2352],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2353],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2354,"_64":2355},{},[164],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2357,"_64":2358},{},[2359],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2360],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2361,"_64":2362},{},[39],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2364,"_64":2365},{},[2366],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2367],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2368,"_64":2369},{},[66],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2371,"_64":2372},{},[680],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2374,"_64":2375},{},[2376,2377],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2447],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2378],{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":2379,"_64":2380},{},[2381,2382,2383,2384,2385,2386,2387,2388],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2440],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2433],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2426],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2418],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2410],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2403],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2396],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2389],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2390,"_64":2391},{},[2392],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2393],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2394,"_64":2395},{},[1389],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2397,"_64":2398},{},[2399],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2400],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2401,"_64":2402},{},[1247],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2404,"_64":2405},{},[2406],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2407],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2408,"_64":2409},{},[1259],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2411,"_64":2412},{},[2413,2414],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2415]," (foreign key referencing the room type table)",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2416,"_64":2417},{},[676],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2419,"_64":2420},{},[2421,2422],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2423]," (foreign key referencing the guests table)",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2424,"_64":2425},{},[639],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2427,"_64":2428},{},[2429],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2430],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2431,"_64":2432},{},[1377],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2434,"_64":2435},{},[2436],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2437],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2438,"_64":2439},{},[1381],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2441,"_64":2442},{},[2443],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2444],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2445,"_64":2446},{},[66],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2448,"_64":2449},{},[1032],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2451,"_64":2452},{},[2453,2454],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2483],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2455],{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":2456,"_64":2457},{},[2458,2459,2460],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2476],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2469],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2461],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2462,"_64":2463},{},[2464],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2465],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2466,"_64":2467},{},[2468],"email",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2470,"_64":2471},{},[2472],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2473],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2474,"_64":2475},{},[117],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":2477,"_64":2478},{},[2479],["SingleFetchClassInstance",2480],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2481,"_64":2482},{},[66],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":2484,"_64":2485},{},[1341],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":2487,"_64":2488},{},[2489],"The 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The fetchall() method will return all the results, while fetch1() will return just one row.\ncursor.fetchall() has a return value, so we can assign it to a variable.results = cursor.fetchall()\n\nThen, we will simply print the results:print(results)\n\nRunning the script, we should now see a list of dictionaries, which comes from the dictionary=True mentioned in the previous video. The first dictionary represents the first row, and so on.\nFor example:[{'id': 2, 'guest_name': 'Anthony', 'email': 'anthony@gmail.com'},\n {'id': 3, 'guest_name': 'Brittany', 'email': 'brittany@yahoo.com'}]\n\nWriting a query to return a single row\nNow, let's write another query to return just one row:cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM guests WHERE id = 2\")\n\nWe can now use the cursor.fetchone() method to retrieve the result.result = cursor.fetchone()\n\nFollowed by a simple print() statement to display the result.print(result)\n\nRunning the script again, we now get a single dictionary instead of a list of dictionaries.\nExample:{'id': 2, 'guest_name': 'Anthony', 'email': 'anthony@gmail.com'}\n\nRecap and next steps\nIn this lesson, we learned how to work with a MySQL database from a Python script. We used cursor.execute() to run SELECT statements and cursor.fetchone() or cursor.fetchall() to retrieve the results.\nWe are now ready to extend this knowledge by building a web app using these same concepts, alongside MySQL statements that you are already familiar with. In the next section, we will create a Flask web app that uses a database to store and retrieve information. Stay tuned!",[6611,6612,6613,6614],"Querying data","Learn how to fetch data from a MySQL database with Python fetchone() and fetchall() methods.",{"_51":6609,"_53":6610},"2023-11-08T19:30:26.626Z",{"_55":6608},"/assets/querying-data-social-93iOlZKg.png",182,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821060104",{"_64":6622,"_66":6623,"_68":42,"_37":6624},{"_64":6619,"_66":6620,"_68":42,"_37":6621},{"_64":6616,"_66":6617,"_68":42,"_37":6618},{"_64":6615,"_66":584,"_68":42,"_37":585},[],[],"writing-a-query-to-return-a-single-row","Writing a query to return a single row",[],"executing-a-select-statement","Executing a SELECT statement",[],"setting-up-sample-data","Setting up sample data",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6870],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6861],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6852],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6844],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6840],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6836],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6828],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6814],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6810],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6785],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6777],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6773],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6769],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6765],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6756],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6752],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6748],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6740],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6736],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6732],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6723],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6719],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6709],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6705],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6701],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6697],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6693],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6686],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6659],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6655],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6656,"_64":6657},{},[6658],"We are now ready to extend this knowledge by building a web app using these same concepts, alongside MySQL statements that you are already familiar with. In the next section, we will create a Flask web app that uses a database to store and retrieve information. Stay tuned!",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6660,"_64":6661},{},[6662,6663,6664,6665,6666,6667,6668,6669,6670],"In this lesson, we learned how to work with a MySQL database from a Python script. We used ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6682]," to run ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6679]," statements and ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6675]," or ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6671]," to retrieve the results.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6672,"_64":6673},{},[6674],"cursor.fetchall()",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6676,"_64":6677},{},[6678],"cursor.fetchone()",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6680,"_64":6681},{},[517],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6683,"_64":6684},{},[6685],"cursor.execute()",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":6687,"_64":6688},{"_66":584},[6689],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6690],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":6691,"_64":6692},{"_132":647},[585],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6694,"_64":6695},{},[6696],"{'id': 2, 'guest_name': 'Anthony', 'email': 'anthony@gmail.com'}\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6698,"_64":6699},{},[6700],"Example:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6702,"_64":6703},{},[6704],"Running the script again, we now get a single dictionary instead of a list of dictionaries.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6706,"_64":6707},{"_143":457},[6708],"print(result)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6710,"_64":6711},{},[6712,6713,6714],"Followed by a simple ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6715]," statement to display the result.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6716,"_64":6717},{},[6718],"print()",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6720,"_64":6721},{"_143":457},[6722],"result = cursor.fetchone()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6724,"_64":6725},{},[6726,6727,6728],"We can now use the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6729]," method to retrieve the result.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6730,"_64":6731},{},[6678],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6733,"_64":6734},{"_143":457},[6735],"cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM guests WHERE id = 2\")\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6737,"_64":6738},{},[6739],"Now, let's write another query to return just one row:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":6741,"_64":6742},{"_66":6617},[6743],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6744],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":6745,"_64":6746},{"_132":6747},[6618],"#writing-a-query-to-return-a-single-row",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6749,"_64":6750},{},[6751],"[{'id': 2, 'guest_name': 'Anthony', 'email': 'anthony@gmail.com'},\n {'id': 3, 'guest_name': 'Brittany', 'email': 'brittany@yahoo.com'}]\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6753,"_64":6754},{},[6755],"For example:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6757,"_64":6758},{},[6759,6760,6761],"Running the script, we should now see a list of dictionaries, which comes from the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6762]," mentioned in the previous video. The first dictionary represents the first row, and so on.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6763,"_64":6764},{},[1597],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6766,"_64":6767},{"_143":457},[6768],"print(results)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6770,"_64":6771},{},[6772],"Then, we will simply print the results:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6774,"_64":6775},{"_143":457},[6776],"results = cursor.fetchall()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6778,"_64":6779},{},[6780,6781],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6782]," has a return value, so we can assign it to a variable.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6783,"_64":6784},{},[6674],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6786,"_64":6787},{},[6788,6789,6668,6790,6791,6792,6793,6794,6795],"To get the rows from the script, we can now use the cursor again. There are two methods to achieve this — ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6806],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6803],". The ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6800]," method will return all the results, while ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6796]," will return just one row.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6797,"_64":6798},{},[6799],"fetch1()",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6801,"_64":6802},{},[1305],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6804,"_64":6805},{},[6674],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6807,"_64":6808},{},[6809],"cursor.fetch1()",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6811,"_64":6812},{"_143":457},[6813],"cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM guests\")\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6815,"_64":6816},{},[6817,6818,6819,6820,6821],"To start, we will use the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6825]," method to run a simple ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6822]," query. This method will allow us to run the query against the database and return all the rows from the table.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6823,"_64":6824},{},[517],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6826,"_64":6827},{},[6685],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":6829,"_64":6830},{"_66":6620},[6831],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6832],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":6833,"_64":6834},{"_132":6835},[6621],"#executing-a-select-statement",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6837,"_64":6838},{"_143":457},[6839],"# cursor.execute(\"INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email) VALUES (?, ?)\", (guest_name, email))\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6841,"_64":6842},{},[6843],"First, let's comment out the cursor execute for the insert statement and guest name and email. Then, we'll write a new statement to retrieve data from the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":6845,"_64":6846},{"_66":6623},[6847],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6848],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":6849,"_64":6850},{"_132":6851},[6624],"#setting-up-sample-data",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6853,"_64":6854},{},[6855,6856,6857],"Previously, we learned how to insert data into the database. Now, we will learn how to retrieve data using ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6858]," statements in a slightly different way.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6859,"_64":6860},{},[517],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6862,"_64":6863},{},[6864,6865,6866],"In the last lesson, we covered how to handle SQL injection by using placeholders. In this lesson, we will learn how to get data back from the database using SQL ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6867]," statements and Python.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6868,"_64":6869},{},[517],{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":6871,"_64":6872},{"_66":6879},[6873],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6874],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":6875,"_64":6876},{"_132":6878},[6877],"Retrieving data from a MySQL database using Python","#retrieving-data-from-a-mysql-database-using-python","retrieving-data-from-a-mysql-database-using-python","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/using-mysql-with-python/sql-injection","sql-injection",[6906,6907,6908,6909,6910,6911,6912,6913,6914,6915,6916,6917,6918,6919,6920,6921,6922,6923,6924,6925,6926],"Preventing SQL injection when using cursors in Python\nWhen writing statements and using cursor.execute in Python, it is important to be aware of potential security issues, especially when dealing with data from outside sources. This lesson will cover an example of SQL injection and show you how to prevent it when working with external data like user input or API responses.\nSQL injection example\nSQL injection is a security issue that occurs when an attacker inserts malicious SQL statements into a legitimately executed statement. Let's take a look at the example below:guest_name = \"Brittany\"\nemail = \"brittany@yahoo.com\"\n\ncursor.execute(f\"INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email) VALUES ({guest_name}, {email});\")\n\nIn this case, we are using an f-string to insert the guest_name and email variables directly into the SQL statement. This may seem like a natural approach, but it is actually what you don't want to do. Let's take a look at why:email = \"brittany@yahoo.com'); DELETE FROM guests; SELECT('Dummy\"\n\nThe email variable now contains additional SQL statements, which means that the database may interpret this as three separate statements:\nInsert brittany@yahoo.com into the guests table.\nDelete all rows from the guests table.\nRun a SELECT statement.\nThe problem with this is that user input or API data could contain any malicious information, and if the database interprets it as multiple statements, it can cause serious security issues.\nPreventing SQL injection with placeholders\nTo prevent SQL injection, we need to avoid using f-strings and other methods of directly embedding variables into SQL statements. Instead, we can use placeholders and pass a tuple or a list as a second argument to execute.\nHere's a modified version of the example above, using placeholders:guest_name = \"Brittany\"\nemail = \"brittany@yahoo.com\"\n\ncursor.execute(\"INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email) VALUES (%s, %s);\", (guest_name, email))\n\nIn this case, we are using %s as placeholders for the guest_name and email variables. The second argument to execute is a tuple containing the variables in the order that they appear in the placeholders.\nThe cursor will take care of inserting the variables into the statement and sending it to the database, preventing SQL injection by ensuring that malicious SQL statements cannot be sent as variables.\nRetrieving data from the database\nNow that you know how to safely insert data into the database, let's take a look at how you can retrieve data from the database using Python, without relying on the command line tool.cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM guests;\")\nresults = cursor.fetchall()\n\nfor row in results:\n print(row)\n\nThis will execute a SELECT statement on the guests table and store the results in a results variable. We can then iterate through the rows in results, printing out each row.\nBy following these best practices for preventing SQL injection when using cursors in Python, you can ensure that your database interactions are secure and no malicious statements are executed.",[6894,6895,6896],"SQL Injection","Preventing SQL injection using cursors in Python.",{"_55":6892,"_39":6893},{"_51":6890,"_53":6891},"2023-11-08T19:29:53.519Z",222,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821059537","/assets/sql-injection-social-CJqx-aTE.png","Learn how to prevent SQL injection when using cursors in Python.",{"_64":6903,"_66":6904,"_68":42,"_37":6905},{"_64":6900,"_66":6901,"_68":42,"_37":6902},{"_64":6897,"_66":6898,"_68":42,"_37":6899},[],"retrieving-data-from-the-database","Retrieving data from the database",[],"preventing-sql-injection-with-placeholders","Preventing SQL injection with placeholders",[],"sql-injection-example","SQL injection example",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7113],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7103],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7095],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7091],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7087],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7067],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7063],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7059],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7030],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7026],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7018],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7010],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7006],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7002],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6977],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6973],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6965],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6961],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6957],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6931],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6927],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6928,"_64":6929},{},[6930],"By following these best practices for preventing SQL injection when using cursors in Python, you can ensure that your database interactions are secure and no malicious statements are executed.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6932,"_64":6933},{},[6934,6935,6936,6937,6938,6939,6940,6941,6942],"This will execute a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6954]," statement on the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6950]," table and store the results in a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6947]," variable. We can then iterate through the rows in ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6943],", printing out each row.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6944,"_64":6945},{},[6946],"results",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6948,"_64":6949},{},[6946],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6951,"_64":6952},{},[6953],"guests",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6955,"_64":6956},{},[517],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":6958,"_64":6959},{"_143":457},[6960],"cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM guests;\")\nresults = cursor.fetchall()\n\nfor row in results:\n print(row)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6962,"_64":6963},{},[6964],"Now that you know how to safely insert data into the database, let's take a look at how you can retrieve data from the database using Python, without relying on the command line tool.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":6966,"_64":6967},{"_66":6898},[6968],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6969],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":6970,"_64":6971},{"_132":6972},[6899],"#retrieving-data-from-the-database",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6974,"_64":6975},{},[6976],"The cursor will take care of inserting the variables into the statement and sending it to the database, preventing SQL injection by ensuring that malicious SQL statements cannot be sent as variables.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":6978,"_64":6979},{},[6980,6981,6982,6983,1332,6984,6985,6986,6987],"In this case, we are using ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6998]," as placeholders for the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6995],["SingleFetchClassInstance",6992]," variables. The second argument to ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",6988]," is a tuple containing the variables in the order that they appear in the placeholders.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6989,"_64":6990},{},[6991],"execute",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6993,"_64":6994},{},[2468],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6996,"_64":6997},{},[1385],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":6999,"_64":7000},{},[7001],"%s",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7003,"_64":7004},{"_143":457},[7005],"guest_name = \"Brittany\"\nemail = \"brittany@yahoo.com\"\n\ncursor.execute(\"INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email) VALUES (%s, %s);\", (guest_name, email))\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7007,"_64":7008},{},[7009],"Here's a modified version of the example above, using placeholders:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7011,"_64":7012},{},[7013,7014,672],"To prevent SQL injection, we need to avoid using f-strings and other methods of directly embedding variables into SQL statements. Instead, we can use placeholders and pass a tuple or a list as a second argument to ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7015],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7016,"_64":7017},{},[6991],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7019,"_64":7020},{"_66":6901},[7021],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7022],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7023,"_64":7024},{"_132":7025},[6902],"#preventing-sql-injection-with-placeholders",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7027,"_64":7028},{},[7029],"The problem with this is that user input or API data could contain any malicious information, and if the database interprets it as multiple statements, it can cause serious security issues.",{"_115":116,"_117":201,"_119":7031,"_64":7032},{},[7033,7034,7035],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7049],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7045],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7036],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":7037,"_64":7038},{},[7039,7040,7041],"Run a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7042]," statement.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7043,"_64":7044},{},[517],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":7046,"_64":7047},{},[7048],"Delete all rows from the guests table.",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":7050,"_64":7051},{},[7052,7053,7054],"Insert ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7055]," into the guests table.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7056,"_64":7057},{},[7058],"brittany@yahoo.com",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7060,"_64":7061},{},[7062],"The email variable now contains additional SQL statements, which means that the database may interpret this as three separate statements:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7064,"_64":7065},{"_143":2318},[7066],"email = \"brittany@yahoo.com'); DELETE FROM guests; SELECT('Dummy\"\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7068,"_64":7069},{},[7070,7071,1332,7072,7073,7074,7075],"In this case, we are using an f-string to insert the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7084],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7081]," variables directly into the SQL statement. This may seem like a natural approach, but it is actually what you ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7076]," want to do. Let's take a look at why:",{"_115":116,"_117":7077,"_119":7078,"_64":7079},"em",{},[7080],"don't",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7082,"_64":7083},{},[2468],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7085,"_64":7086},{},[1385],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7088,"_64":7089},{"_143":457},[7090],"guest_name = \"Brittany\"\nemail = \"brittany@yahoo.com\"\n\ncursor.execute(f\"INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email) VALUES ({guest_name}, {email});\")\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7092,"_64":7093},{},[7094],"SQL injection is a security issue that occurs when an attacker inserts malicious SQL statements into a legitimately executed statement. Let's take a look at the example below:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7096,"_64":7097},{"_66":6904},[7098],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7099],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7100,"_64":7101},{"_132":7102},[6905],"#sql-injection-example",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7104,"_64":7105},{},[7106,7107,7108],"When writing statements and using ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7109]," in Python, it is important to be aware of potential security issues, especially when dealing with data from outside sources. This lesson will cover an example of SQL injection and show you how to prevent it when working with external data like user input or API responses.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7110,"_64":7111},{},[7112],"cursor.execute",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":7114,"_64":7115},{"_66":7122},[7116],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7117],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7118,"_64":7119},{"_132":7121},[7120],"Preventing SQL injection when using cursors in Python","#preventing-sql-injection-when-using-cursors-in-python","preventing-sql-injection-when-using-cursors-in-python","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/using-mysql-with-python/inserting-data","inserting-data",[7145,7146,7147,7148,7149,7150,7151,7152,7153,7154,7155,7156,7157,7158,7159,7160,7161,7162,7163,7164],"Inserting data into a MySQL Database with Python\nIn the previous lesson, we discussed how to create a new table in the PlanetScale database using Python. We connected to the database and executed a CREATE TABLE statement through the cursor.execute function. In this lesson, we will cover how to insert data into the table we created.\nInserting Data\nTo insert data into the table, we will use an INSERT statement via the cursor.execute function. First, let's comment out the previous cursor.execute code for creating the table since we only need to create the table once. Then, start a new cursor.execute statement.\nInserting data into a table requires specifying the table name, column names, and the values you want to insert. For our example, we will insert data into the guest table we created earlier.\nHere is the code for an INSERT statement:cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n INSERT INTO guest (guest_name, email)\n VALUES ('Anthony', 'anthony@gmail.com')\n\"\"\")\nconnection.commit()\n\nAfter writing the code above, you can run the script from the command prompt:python your_script.py\n\nOnce the script finished running without any errors, you should have inserted a new row into the guest table with the guest name \"Anthony\" and email \"anthony@gmail.com\". To verify this, go back to your PlanetScale dashboard and run the following query:SELECT * FROM guest;\n\nYou may notice that running this query does not return any results. The reason for this is because we haven't committed the transaction yet.\nCommitting transactions\nWhen executing SQL statements, databases are set up to receive multiple statements in a transaction. The idea behind transactions is that all changes to the database should happen together. If statements within a transaction depend on one another and one fails, none of the changes should be saved to prevent bad data from being inserted.\nTo commit a transaction, we need to call the connection.commit() function after executing our INSERT statement:cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n INSERT INTO guest (guest_name, email)\n VALUES ('Anthony', 'anthony@gmail.com')\n\"\"\")\nconnection.commit()\n\nNow, if you run the script again and then run the SELECT * FROM guest; query in your PlanetScale dashboard, you should see the inserted row containing the guest name \"Anthony\" and email \"anthony@gmail.com\".\nConclusion\nIn this lesson, we covered how to insert data into a PlanetScale database using Python. We used an INSERT statement and committed the transaction to save the changes.\nIn the next lesson, we will discuss a security issue you should be aware of when writing SQL statements using the cursor.execute method.",[7136,7137,7138],"Inserting data","Learn how to insert data into a MySQL database with Python.",{"_51":7134,"_53":7135},"2023-11-08T19:29:43.463Z",{"_55":7133},"/assets/inserting-data-social-C8EFSlkx.png",127,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821059184",{"_64":7143,"_66":7124,"_68":42,"_37":7144},{"_64":7140,"_66":7141,"_68":42,"_37":7142},{"_64":7139,"_66":963,"_68":42,"_37":964},[],[],"committing-transactions","Committing transactions",[],"Inserting Data",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7322],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7307],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7299],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7276],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7267],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7259],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7256],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7252],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7248],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7239],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7235],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7231],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7223],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7219],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7205],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7201],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7191],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7184],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7174],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7165],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7166,"_64":7167},{},[7168,7169,7170],"In the next lesson, we will discuss a security issue you should be aware of when writing SQL statements using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7171]," method.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7172,"_64":7173},{},[7112],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7175,"_64":7176},{},[7177,7178,7179],"In this lesson, we covered how to insert data into a PlanetScale database using Python. We used an ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7180]," statement and committed the transaction to save the changes.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7181,"_64":7182},{},[7183],"INSERT",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7185,"_64":7186},{"_66":963},[7187],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7188],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7189,"_64":7190},{"_132":1014},[964],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7192,"_64":7193},{},[7194,7195,7196],"Now, if you run the script again and then run the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7197]," query in your PlanetScale dashboard, you should see the inserted row containing the guest name \"Anthony\" and email \"anthony@gmail.com\".",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7198,"_64":7199},{},[7200],"SELECT * FROM guest;",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7202,"_64":7203},{"_143":457},[7204],"cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n INSERT INTO guest (guest_name, email)\n VALUES ('Anthony', 'anthony@gmail.com')\n\"\"\")\nconnection.commit()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7206,"_64":7207},{},[7208,7209,7210,7211,471],"To commit a transaction, we need to call the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7215]," function after executing our ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7212],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7213,"_64":7214},{},[7183],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7216,"_64":7217},{},[7218],"connection.commit()",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7220,"_64":7221},{},[7222],"When executing SQL statements, databases are set up to receive multiple statements in a transaction. The idea behind transactions is that all changes to the database should happen together. If statements within a transaction depend on one another and one fails, none of the changes should be saved to prevent bad data from being inserted.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7224,"_64":7225},{"_66":7141},[7226],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7227],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7228,"_64":7229},{"_132":7230},[7142],"#committing-transactions",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7232,"_64":7233},{},[7234],"You may notice that running this query does not return any results. The reason for this is because we haven't committed the transaction yet.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7236,"_64":7237},{"_143":2318},[7238],"SELECT * FROM guest;\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7240,"_64":7241},{},[7242,7243,7244],"Once the script finished running without any errors, you should have inserted a new row into the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7245]," table with the guest name \"Anthony\" and email \"anthony@gmail.com\". To verify this, go back to your PlanetScale dashboard and run the following query:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7246,"_64":7247},{},[1341],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7249,"_64":7250},{"_143":144},[7251],"python your_script.py\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7253,"_64":7254},{},[7255],"After writing the code above, you can run the script from the command prompt:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7257,"_64":7258},{"_143":457},[7204],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7260,"_64":7261},{},[7262,7263,471],"Here is the code for an ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7264],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7265,"_64":7266},{},[7183],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7268,"_64":7269},{},[7270,7271,7272],"Inserting data into a table requires specifying the table name, column names, and the values you want to insert. For our example, we will insert data into the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7273]," table we created earlier.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7274,"_64":7275},{},[1341],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7277,"_64":7278},{},[7279,7280,7281,7282,7283,7284,7285,7286,7041],"To insert data into the table, we will use an ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7296]," statement via the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7293]," function. First, let's comment out the previous ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7290]," code for creating the table since we only need to create the table once. Then, start a new ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7287],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7288,"_64":7289},{},[7112],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7291,"_64":7292},{},[7112],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7294,"_64":7295},{},[7112],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7297,"_64":7298},{},[7183],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7300,"_64":7301},{"_66":7124},[7302],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7303],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7304,"_64":7305},{"_132":7306},[7144],"#inserting-data",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7308,"_64":7309},{},[7310,7311,7312,7313,7314],"In the previous lesson, we discussed how to create a new table in the PlanetScale database using Python. We connected to the database and executed a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7318]," statement through the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7315]," function. In this lesson, we will cover how to insert data into the table we created.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7316,"_64":7317},{},[7112],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7319,"_64":7320},{},[7321],"CREATE TABLE",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":7323,"_64":7324},{"_66":7331},[7325],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7326],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7327,"_64":7328},{"_132":7330},[7329],"Inserting data into a MySQL Database with Python","#inserting-data-into-a-mysql-database-with-python","inserting-data-into-a-mysql-database-with-python","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/using-mysql-with-python/creating-a-table","creating-a-table",[7357,7358,7359,7360,7361,7362,7363,7364,7365,7366,7367,7368,7369,7370,7371,7372,7373,7374,7375,7376,7377,7378,7379,7380,7381,7382,7383,7384,7385,7386,7387,7388,7389,7390,7391,7392],"Creating your first table with Python and MySQL\nIn this lesson, we will walk through the process of creating a new MySQL table using Python. Specifically, we'll create a table, add some data to it, and fetch that data back out. This lesson assumes that you have set up a PlanetScale account, created a database, and configured your Python environment (including the required MySQL connectors and cursor objects) to interact with your PlanetScale database. Please visit the previous lessons if not.\nCreating the table\nLet's start by creating a table in our database. To do this, we will use a CREATE TABLE SQL statement inside a cursor.execute() method in Python. In this example, we will create a table called guests to store information about hotel guests, such as their ID, name, and email address.\nHere is the full CREATE TABLE statement:CREATE TABLE guests (\n id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,\n guest_name VARCHAR(100),\n email VARCHAR(100)\n)\n\nNow let's create the table using Python and the cursor.execute() method: CREATE TABLE guests (\n id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,\n guest_name VARCHAR(100),\n email VARCHAR(100)\n )\n\"\"\")\n\nOnce you have written this code, run your script. If no errors occur, your table has been successfully created.\nTo verify the table was successfully created in the PlanetScale database, you can use the PlanetScale CLI. First, list your available databases:pscale database list\n\nFind your desired database, in this case, hotel_management. Now, connect to the database with the shell:pscale shell hotel_management\n\nOnce connected, query the guests table to make sure it exists:SELECT * FROM guests;\n\nIf you receive an empty response, it means the table exists and is ready to be used. If you get an error saying that the table does not exist, double-check your code and try again.\nAdding data to the table\nNow that we have a table, let's add some data to it. To insert data into the table, we will use the INSERT INTO SQL statement. For this example, we'll add a guest named \"John Doe\" with the email address \"john@example.com\".\nHere's the INSERT INTO statement:INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email)\nVALUES ('John Doe', 'john@example.com')\n\nTo add this data to the table using Python and the cursor.execute() method:cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email)\n VALUES ('John Doe', 'john@example.com')\n\"\"\")\n\nFinally, to commit the insert and perform any subsequent database operations, add the following line after cursor.execute():cursor.commit()\n\nAfter running your script, you should now have successfully added a new row to the guests table in your PlanetScale database.\nFetching data from the table\nWith data in our guests table, we can now fetch it using Python and the cursor.execute() method. In this example, we will use a SELECT statement to retrieve all rows from the guests table.\nFirst, write your SELECT statement:SELECT * FROM guests;\n\nNow, use the cursor.execute() method to fetch the data from the table:cursor.execute(\"SELECT * FROM guests\")\n\nTo fetch all the rows from the result set, use the cursor.fetchall() method:result = cursor.fetchall()\n\nThe result variable now contains a list of tuples, each representing a row in the table. You can iterate over this list to access each row's data:for row in result:\n print(row)\n\nWith these steps, you have learned how to create a table, add data to it, and fetch that data back out using Python and the PlanetScale database. As you continue working with PlanetScale, you can use similar techniques to execute other SQL statements and interact with your database.",[7345,7346,7347],"Creating a table","Learn how to create a MySQL table with Python, add data to it, and return the data.",{"_51":7343,"_53":7344},"2023-11-08T19:30:51.048Z",{"_55":7342},"/assets/creating-a-table-social-D1DGLsL3.png",153,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821058909",{"_64":7354,"_66":7355,"_68":42,"_37":7356},{"_64":7351,"_66":7352,"_68":42,"_37":7353},{"_64":7348,"_66":7349,"_68":42,"_37":7350},[],"fetching-data-from-the-table","Fetching data from the table",[],"adding-data-to-the-table","Adding data to the table",[],"creating-the-table","Creating the table",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7644],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7640],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7632],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7613],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7605],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7601],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7593],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7589],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7585],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7581],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7577],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7568],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7564],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7555],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7552],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7548],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7540],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7531],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7522],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7518],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7510],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7506],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7498],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7494],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7485],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7477],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7453],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7445],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7441],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7426],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7423],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7414],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7410],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7401],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7397],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7393],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7394,"_64":7395},{},[7396],"With these steps, you have learned how to create a table, add data to it, and fetch that data back out using Python and the PlanetScale database. As you continue working with PlanetScale, you can use similar techniques to execute other SQL statements and interact with your database.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7398,"_64":7399},{"_143":457},[7400],"for row in result:\n print(row)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7402,"_64":7403},{},[1299,7404,7405],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7406]," variable now contains a list of tuples, each representing a row in the table. You can iterate over this list to access each row's data:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7407,"_64":7408},{},[7409],"result",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7411,"_64":7412},{"_143":457},[7413],"result = cursor.fetchall()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7415,"_64":7416},{},[7417,7418,7419],"To fetch all the rows from the result set, use the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7420]," method:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7421,"_64":7422},{},[6674],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7424,"_64":7425},{"_143":457},[6813],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7427,"_64":7428},{},[7429,7430,7431,7432,7433],"Now, use the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7438]," method to fetch the data from the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7434],":",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7435,"_64":7436},{},[7437],"table",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7439,"_64":7440},{},[6685],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7442,"_64":7443},{"_143":2318},[7444],"SELECT * FROM guests;\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7446,"_64":7447},{},[7448,7449,471],"First, write your ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7450],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7451,"_64":7452},{},[517],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7454,"_64":7455},{},[7456,7457,7458,7459,7460,7461,7462,7463,7464],"With data in our ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7474]," table, we can now fetch it using Python and the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7471]," method. In this example, we will use a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7468]," statement to retrieve all rows from the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7465]," table.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7466,"_64":7467},{},[6953],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7469,"_64":7470},{},[517],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7472,"_64":7473},{},[6685],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7475,"_64":7476},{},[6953],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7478,"_64":7479},{"_66":7349},[7480],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7481],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7482,"_64":7483},{"_132":7484},[7350],"#fetching-data-from-the-table",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7486,"_64":7487},{},[7488,7489,7490],"After running your script, you should now have successfully added a new row to the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7491]," table in your PlanetScale database.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7492,"_64":7493},{},[6953],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7495,"_64":7496},{"_143":457},[7497],"cursor.commit()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7499,"_64":7500},{},[7501,7502,7433],"Finally, to commit the insert and perform any subsequent database operations, add the following line after ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7503],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7504,"_64":7505},{},[6685],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7507,"_64":7508},{"_143":457},[7509],"cursor.execute(\"\"\"\n INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email)\n VALUES ('John Doe', 'john@example.com')\n\"\"\")\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7511,"_64":7512},{},[7513,7514,7419],"To add this data to the table using Python and the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7515],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7516,"_64":7517},{},[6685],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7519,"_64":7520},{"_143":2318},[7521],"INSERT INTO guests (guest_name, email)\nVALUES ('John Doe', 'john@example.com')\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7523,"_64":7524},{},[7525,7526,471],"Here's the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7527],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7528,"_64":7529},{},[7530],"INSERT INTO",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7532,"_64":7533},{},[7534,7535,7536],"Now that we have a table, let's add some data to it. To insert data into the table, we will use the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7537]," SQL statement. For this example, we'll add a guest named \"John Doe\" with the email address \"john@example.com\".",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7538,"_64":7539},{},[7530],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7541,"_64":7542},{"_66":7352},[7543],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7544],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7545,"_64":7546},{"_132":7547},[7353],"#adding-data-to-the-table",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7549,"_64":7550},{},[7551],"If you receive an empty response, it means the table exists and is ready to be used. If you get an error saying that the table does not exist, double-check your code and try again.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7553,"_64":7554},{"_143":2318},[7444],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7556,"_64":7557},{},[7558,7559,7560],"Once connected, query the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7561]," table to make sure it exists:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7562,"_64":7563},{},[6953],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7565,"_64":7566},{"_143":144},[7567],"pscale shell hotel_management\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7569,"_64":7570},{},[7571,7572,7573],"Find your desired database, in this case, ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7574],". Now, connect to the database with the shell:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7575,"_64":7576},{},[2272],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7578,"_64":7579},{"_143":144},[7580],"pscale database list\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7582,"_64":7583},{},[7584],"To verify the table was successfully created in the PlanetScale database, you can use the PlanetScale CLI. First, list your available databases:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7586,"_64":7587},{},[7588],"Once you have written this code, run your script. If no errors occur, your table has been successfully created.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7590,"_64":7591},{"_143":2318},[7592]," CREATE TABLE guests (\n id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,\n guest_name VARCHAR(100),\n email VARCHAR(100)\n )\n\"\"\")\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7594,"_64":7595},{},[7596,7597,7419],"Now let's create the table using Python and the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7598],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7599,"_64":7600},{},[6685],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7602,"_64":7603},{"_143":2318},[7604],"CREATE TABLE guests (\n id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,\n guest_name VARCHAR(100),\n email VARCHAR(100)\n)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7606,"_64":7607},{},[7608,7609,471],"Here is the full ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7610],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7611,"_64":7612},{},[7321],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7614,"_64":7615},{},[7616,7617,7618,7619,7620,7621,7622],"Let's start by creating a table in our database. To do this, we will use a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7629]," SQL statement inside a ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7626]," method in Python. In this example, we will create a table called ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7623]," to store information about hotel guests, such as their ID, name, and email address.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7624,"_64":7625},{},[6953],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7627,"_64":7628},{},[6685],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7630,"_64":7631},{},[7321],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7633,"_64":7634},{"_66":7355},[7635],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7636],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7637,"_64":7638},{"_132":7639},[7356],"#creating-the-table",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7641,"_64":7642},{},[7643],"In this lesson, we will walk through the process of creating a new MySQL table using Python. Specifically, we'll create a table, add some data to it, and fetch that data back out. This lesson assumes that you have set up a PlanetScale account, created a database, and configured your Python environment (including the required MySQL connectors and cursor objects) to interact with your PlanetScale database. Please visit the previous lessons if not.",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":7645,"_64":7646},{"_66":7653},[7647],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7648],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7649,"_64":7650},{"_132":7652},[7651],"Creating your first table with Python and MySQL","#creating-your-first-table-with-python-and-mysql","creating-your-first-table-with-python-and-mysql","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/using-mysql-with-python/using-cursors","using-cursors",[7681,7682,7683,7684,7685,7686,7687,7688,7689,7690,7691,7692,7693,7694,7695,7696,7697,7698,7699,7700,7701,7702],"Setting up a cursor in Python for MySQL\nIn this lesson, we'll be discussing how to set up a cursor in Python for interacting with a MySQL database. A cursor is an essential tool when working with databases, as it is used to send commands over to the database and retrieve data when requested. We will start by creating a connection to the database and setting up a cursor using the connection object. Then, we will learn how to close the cursor and the connection when we are done with it.\nPrerequisites\nBefore we get started, you need to have a MySQL database and a Python client library installed. For this course, we've using PlanetScale for the database. We are also using the popular mysql-connector-python library. You can install it using the following command:pip install mysql-connector-python\n\nOnce the library is installed, you can establish a connection to your MySQL database using the connect method, as shown below:from mysql.connector import connect\n\n# Replace with your own database credentials\nconfig = {\n \"user\": \"username\",\n \"password\": \"password\",\n \"host\": \"localhost\",\n \"database\": \"database_name\",\n}\n\nconnection = connect(**config)\n\nNow that we have a connection to the database, let's move on to setting up the cursor.\nCreating a cursor\nTo set up the cursor, we will create a variable called cursor and assign it the value of connection.cursor().cursor = connection.cursor()\n\nOptionally, you can set the dictionary=True option to have the cursor return results as a list of dictionaries instead of the default tuple of tuples. This can make it easier to work with the data, especially when dealing with many columns.cursor = connection.cursor(dictionary=True)\n\nIf you are using a different MySQL client library, the process of setting up the dictionary cursor may be different. Consult the documentation of the library to learn how to set up the dictionary cursor.\nClosing the cursor and connection\nWhen you are done using the cursor, it is a good practice to close it using the close() method. This ensures that there are no issues if the script continues to run after this point.cursor.close()\n\nIn addition to closing the cursor, you should also close the connection to the database using the close() method.connection.close()\n\nIf you stop the script at this point, you wouldn't necessarily need to close the cursor and the connection, as they will automatically be closed when the script terminates. However, for the sake of clarity, it's a good practice to include the close() methods.\nConclusion\nIn this lesson, we learned how to set up a cursor in Python for interacting with a MySQL database. We covered creating a connection to the database, setting up a cursor using the connection object, closing the cursor and the connection, and working with the optional dictionary=True setting. In the next lesson, we will learn how to create a new table in the database using the cursor we just set up.",[7667,7668,7669,7670],"Using cursors","Learn how to set up a Python cursor to interact with a MySQL database.",{"_55":7666},{"_51":7664,"_53":7665},"2023-11-08T19:30:40.386Z",90,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821058768","/assets/content/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/using-mysql-with-python/MySQL_for_Python-3.png",{"_64":7678,"_66":7679,"_68":42,"_37":7680},{"_64":7675,"_66":7676,"_68":42,"_37":7677},{"_64":7672,"_66":7673,"_68":42,"_37":7674},{"_64":7671,"_66":963,"_68":42,"_37":964},[],[],"closing-the-cursor-and-connection","Closing the cursor and connection",[],"creating-a-cursor","Creating a cursor",[],"prerequisites","Prerequisites",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7866],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7857],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7849],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7833],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7829],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7819],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7815],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7811],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7803],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7788],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7784],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7775],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7771],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7767],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7759],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7750],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7747],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7739],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7735],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7725],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7718],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7703],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7704,"_64":7705},{},[7706,7707,7708,7709,7710],"In this lesson, we learned how to set up a cursor in Python for interacting with a MySQL database. We covered creating a connection to the database, setting up a cursor using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7714]," object, closing the cursor and the connection, and working with the optional ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7711]," setting. In the next lesson, we will learn how to create a new table in the database using the cursor we just set up.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7712,"_64":7713},{},[1597],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7715,"_64":7716},{},[7717],"connection",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7719,"_64":7720},{"_66":963},[7721],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7722],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7723,"_64":7724},{"_132":1014},[964],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7726,"_64":7727},{},[7728,7729,7730],"If you stop the script at this point, you wouldn't necessarily need to close the cursor and the connection, as they will automatically be closed when the script terminates. However, for the sake of clarity, it's a good practice to include the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7731]," methods.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7732,"_64":7733},{},[7734],"close()",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7736,"_64":7737},{"_143":457},[7738],"connection.close()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7740,"_64":7741},{},[7742,7743,7170],"In addition to closing the cursor, you should also close the connection to the database using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7744],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7745,"_64":7746},{},[7734],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7748,"_64":7749},{"_143":457},[907],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7751,"_64":7752},{},[7753,7754,7755],"When you are done using the cursor, it is a good practice to close it using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7756]," method. This ensures that there are no issues if the script continues to run after this point.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7757,"_64":7758},{},[7734],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7760,"_64":7761},{"_66":7673},[7762],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7763],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7764,"_64":7765},{"_132":7766},[7674],"#closing-the-cursor-and-connection",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7768,"_64":7769},{},[7770],"If you are using a different MySQL client library, the process of setting up the dictionary cursor may be different. Consult the documentation of the library to learn how to set up the dictionary cursor.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7772,"_64":7773},{"_143":457},[7774],"cursor = connection.cursor(dictionary=True)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7776,"_64":7777},{},[7778,7779,7780],"Optionally, you can set the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7781]," option to have the cursor return results as a list of dictionaries instead of the default tuple of tuples. This can make it easier to work with the data, especially when dealing with many columns.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7782,"_64":7783},{},[1597],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7785,"_64":7786},{"_143":457},[7787],"cursor = connection.cursor()\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7789,"_64":7790},{},[7791,7792,7793,7794,672],"To set up the cursor, we will create a variable called ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7799]," and assign it the value of ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7795],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7796,"_64":7797},{},[7798],"connection.cursor()",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7800,"_64":7801},{},[7802],"cursor",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7804,"_64":7805},{"_66":7676},[7806],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7807],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7808,"_64":7809},{"_132":7810},[7677],"#creating-a-cursor",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7812,"_64":7813},{},[7814],"Now that we have a connection to the database, let's move on to setting up the cursor.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7816,"_64":7817},{"_143":457},[7818],"from mysql.connector import connect\n\n# Replace with your own database credentials\nconfig = {\n \"user\": \"username\",\n \"password\": \"password\",\n \"host\": \"localhost\",\n \"database\": \"database_name\",\n}\n\nconnection = connect(**config)\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7820,"_64":7821},{},[7822,7823,7824],"Once the library is installed, you can establish a connection to your MySQL database using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7825]," method, as shown below:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7826,"_64":7827},{},[7828],"connect",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7830,"_64":7831},{"_143":144},[7832],"pip install mysql-connector-python\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7834,"_64":7835},{},[7836,7837,7838,7839,7840],"Before we get started, you need to have a MySQL database and a Python client library installed. For this course, we've using ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7845]," for the database. We are also using the popular ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7841]," library. You can install it using the following command:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7842,"_64":7843},{},[7844],"mysql-connector-python",{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7846,"_64":7847},{"_132":7848},[2511],"https://auth.planetscale.com/sign-up",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7850,"_64":7851},{"_66":7679},[7852],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7853],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7854,"_64":7855},{"_132":7856},[7680],"#prerequisites",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7858,"_64":7859},{},[7860,7861,7862],"In this lesson, we'll be discussing how to set up a cursor in Python for interacting with a MySQL database. A cursor is an essential tool when working with databases, as it is used to send commands over to the database and retrieve data when requested. We will start by creating a connection to the database and setting up a cursor using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7863]," object. Then, we will learn how to close the cursor and the connection when we are done with it.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7864,"_64":7865},{},[7717],{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":7867,"_64":7868},{"_66":7875},[7869],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7870],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7871,"_64":7872},{"_132":7874},[7873],"Setting up a cursor in Python for MySQL","#setting-up-a-cursor-in-python-for-mysql","setting-up-a-cursor-in-python-for-mysql","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/using-mysql-with-python/installing-mysql","installing-mysql",[7907,7908,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913,7914,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,7920,7921,7922,7923,7924,7925,7926,7927,7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935],"Connecting a Python project to a PlanetScale database\nIn this lesson, we'll go through the process of setting up a connection between a Python project and a PlanetScale database. We will create a virtual environment, install necessary packages, and write the code for connecting to the database.\nLet's get started!\nSetting up a virtual environment\nFirst, we need to create a virtual environment for our Python project. In your terminal, run the following command:python -m venv env\n\nThis will create a virtual environment named env. Once it's done, activate the environment with the following command:\nFor Windows:env\\Scripts\\activate\n\nFor Linux/macOS:source env/bin/activate\n\nInstalling required packages\nNext, we need to install two packages: python-dotenv and mysql-connector-python. The former helps us in managing environment variables, and the latter allows us to interface with the PlanetScale database. To install these packages, run the following commands:pip install python-dotenv\npip install mysql-connector-python\n\nCreating configuration files\nCreate two files in your project folder: .env and main.py.\nIn the .env file, we're going to store the environment variables needed to connect to our PlanetScale database. Here's an example of what the contents might look like:DB_HOST=your_database_host\nDB_USERNAME=your_database_username\nDB_PASSWORD=your_database_password\nDB_NAME=your_database_name\n\nReplace placeholder values with the details from your PlanetScale database. You can find this information by going to your database in the PlanetScale dashboard, clicking \"Connect\", and selecting \"Python\" from the dropdown.\nIn the main.py file, we'll write the code to connect to the database using the mysql-connector-python package.import os\nimport mysql.connector\nfrom dotenv import load_dotenv\n\nload_dotenv()\n\nDB_HOST = os.getenv(\"DB_HOST\")\nDB_USERNAME = os.getenv(\"DB_USERNAME\")\nDB_PASSWORD = os.getenv(\"DB_PASSWORD\")\nDB_NAME = os.getenv(\"DB_NAME\")\n\nconnection = mysql.connector.connect(\n host=DB_HOST,\n user=DB_USERNAME,\n password=DB_PASSWORD,\n database=DB_NAME,\n ssl_verify_identity=True,\n ssl_ca=\"path/to/ssl_cert\"\n)\n\nprint(\"Connected to the database\")\n\nThis code reads the environment variables from the .env file using the dotenv package, and then creates a connection to the database using the mysql.connector.connect() function. Don't forget to replace the SSL certificate path in ssl_ca.\nTesting the connection\nTo verify that everything works, run the main.py script:python main.py\n\nIf nothing is returned and no errors are thrown, that means the connection was established successfully. If you encounter any errors, such as incorrect SSL certificate paths or incorrect database credentials, make sure to address those issues.\nConclusion\nCongratulations! You've successfully connected your Python project to a PlanetScale database. Now you can move on to the next step — interacting with the database, such as sending commands or making changes.\nIn the next lesson, we'll discuss how to send commands to the database and make changes using our Python script. Stay tuned!",[7889,7890,7891,7892,7893],"Installing MySQL","Connect to your MySQL database from your Python application.",{"_51":7887,"_53":7888},"2023-11-08T19:29:30.906Z",{"_55":7886},"/assets/installing-mysql-social-Du-jTza-.png",333,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821057939",{"_64":7904,"_66":7905,"_68":42,"_37":7906},{"_64":7901,"_66":7902,"_68":42,"_37":7903},{"_64":7898,"_66":7899,"_68":42,"_37":7900},{"_64":7895,"_66":7896,"_68":42,"_37":7897},{"_64":7894,"_66":963,"_68":42,"_37":964},[],[],"testing-the-connection","Testing the connection",[],"creating-configuration-files","Creating configuration files",[],"installing-required-packages","Installing required packages",[],"setting-up-a-virtual-environment","Setting up a virtual environment",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8139],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8135],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8132],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8124],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8120],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8116],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8106],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8098],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8094],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8086],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8083],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8075],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8061],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8057],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8049],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8037],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8029],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8025],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8021],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8007],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8003],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7977],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7969],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7959],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7955],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7951],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7944],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7940],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7936],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7937,"_64":7938},{},[7939],"In the next lesson, we'll discuss how to send commands to the database and make changes using our Python script. Stay tuned!",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7941,"_64":7942},{},[7943],"Congratulations! You've successfully connected your Python project to a PlanetScale database. Now you can move on to the next step — interacting with the database, such as sending commands or making changes.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7945,"_64":7946},{"_66":963},[7947],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7948],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7949,"_64":7950},{"_132":1014},[964],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7952,"_64":7953},{},[7954],"If nothing is returned and no errors are thrown, that means the connection was established successfully. If you encounter any errors, such as incorrect SSL certificate paths or incorrect database credentials, make sure to address those issues.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":7956,"_64":7957},{"_143":144},[7958],"python main.py\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7960,"_64":7961},{},[7962,7963,7964],"To verify that everything works, run the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7965]," script:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7966,"_64":7967},{},[7968],"main.py",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":7970,"_64":7971},{"_66":7896},[7972],["SingleFetchClassInstance",7973],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":7974,"_64":7975},{"_132":7976},[7897],"#testing-the-connection",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":7978,"_64":7979},{},[7980,7981,7982,7983,7984,7985,7986,7987,672],"This code reads the environment variables from the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8000]," file using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7996]," package, and then creates a connection to the database using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7992]," function. Don't forget to replace the SSL certificate path in ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",7988],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7989,"_64":7990},{},[7991],"ssl_ca",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7993,"_64":7994},{},[7995],"mysql.connector.connect()",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":7997,"_64":7998},{},[7999],"dotenv",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8001,"_64":8002},{},[2207],{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":8004,"_64":8005},{"_143":457},[8006],"import os\nimport mysql.connector\nfrom dotenv import load_dotenv\n\nload_dotenv()\n\nDB_HOST = os.getenv(\"DB_HOST\")\nDB_USERNAME = os.getenv(\"DB_USERNAME\")\nDB_PASSWORD = os.getenv(\"DB_PASSWORD\")\nDB_NAME = os.getenv(\"DB_NAME\")\n\nconnection = mysql.connector.connect(\n host=DB_HOST,\n user=DB_USERNAME,\n password=DB_PASSWORD,\n database=DB_NAME,\n ssl_verify_identity=True,\n ssl_ca=\"path/to/ssl_cert\"\n)\n\nprint(\"Connected to the database\")\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8008,"_64":8009},{},[8010,8011,8012,8013,8014],"In the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8018]," file, we'll write the code to connect to the database using the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8015]," package.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8016,"_64":8017},{},[7844],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8019,"_64":8020},{},[7968],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8022,"_64":8023},{},[8024],"Replace placeholder values with the details from your PlanetScale database. You can find this information by going to your database in the PlanetScale dashboard, clicking \"Connect\", and selecting \"Python\" from the dropdown.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":8026,"_64":8027},{"_143":144},[8028],"DB_HOST=your_database_host\nDB_USERNAME=your_database_username\nDB_PASSWORD=your_database_password\nDB_NAME=your_database_name\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8030,"_64":8031},{},[8010,8032,8033],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8034]," file, we're going to store the environment variables needed to connect to our PlanetScale database. Here's an example of what the contents might look like:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8035,"_64":8036},{},[2207],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8038,"_64":8039},{},[8040,8041,1332,8042,672],"Create two files in your project folder: ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8046],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8043],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8044,"_64":8045},{},[7968],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8047,"_64":8048},{},[2207],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":8050,"_64":8051},{"_66":7899},[8052],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8053],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8054,"_64":8055},{"_132":8056},[7900],"#creating-configuration-files",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":8058,"_64":8059},{"_143":144},[8060],"pip install python-dotenv\npip install mysql-connector-python\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8062,"_64":8063},{},[8064,8065,1332,8066,8067],"Next, we need to install two packages: ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8071],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8068],". The former helps us in managing environment variables, and the latter allows us to interface with the PlanetScale database. To install these packages, run the following commands:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8069,"_64":8070},{},[7844],{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8072,"_64":8073},{},[8074],"python-dotenv",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":8076,"_64":8077},{"_66":7902},[8078],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8079],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8080,"_64":8081},{"_132":8082},[7903],"#installing-required-packages",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":8084,"_64":8085},{"_143":144},[187],{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":8087,"_64":8088},{},[8089],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8090],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":8091,"_64":8092},{},[8093],"For Linux/macOS:",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":8095,"_64":8096},{"_143":144},[8097],"env\\Scripts\\activate\n",{"_115":116,"_117":405,"_119":8099,"_64":8100},{},[8101],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8102],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":8103,"_64":8104},{},[8105],"For Windows:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8107,"_64":8108},{},[8109,8110,8111],"This will create a virtual environment named ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8112],". Once it's done, activate the environment with the following command:",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8113,"_64":8114},{},[8115],"env",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":8117,"_64":8118},{"_143":144},[8119],"python -m venv env\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8121,"_64":8122},{},[8123],"First, we need to create a virtual environment for our Python project. In your terminal, run the following command:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":8125,"_64":8126},{"_66":7905},[8127],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8128],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8129,"_64":8130},{"_132":8131},[7906],"#setting-up-a-virtual-environment",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8133,"_64":8134},{},[2754],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8136,"_64":8137},{},[8138],"In this lesson, we'll go through the process of setting up a connection between a Python project and a PlanetScale database. We will create a virtual environment, install necessary packages, and write the code for connecting to the database.",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":8140,"_64":8141},{"_66":8148},[8142],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8143],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8144,"_64":8145},{"_132":8147},[8146],"Connecting a Python project to a PlanetScale database","#connecting-a-python-project-to-a-planetscale-database","connecting-a-python-project-to-a-planetscale-database","/learn/courses/mysql-for-python-developers/using-mysql-with-python/setting-up-the-database","setting-up-the-database",[8180,8181,8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201,8202],"Welcome to our Python database course!\nPlanetScale’s free Python MySQL course guides you through setting up a database, installing MySQL (and building a Flask app), using cursors, creating a table, and so much more.\nFollow along with your instructor as they guide you through our original Python Flask course, and be sure to reach out to us with feedback or questions.\nSetting up a MySQL database in Python with PlanetScale\nThis course is going to cover how to use MySQL with Python. This is going to be a hands-on course, so you'll need a MySQL database if you want to follow along. We'll be using PlanetScale for the entirety of the course.\nLet's get the database set up.\nYou'll follow these steps to set everything up:\nCreate a PlanetScale account\nCreate a new database\nInstall the PlanetScale CLI\nSet up the Python script\nStep 1: Create a PlanetScale account\nFirst, visit PlanetScale and create an account.\nStep 2: Create a new database\nTo create a new database, scroll down to the bottom of the dashboard and click on the \"Create\" link.\nEnter a name for your database. In our case, we'll use hotel_management. Click on \"Create database\" and wait for a moment as PlanetScale creates the database for you.\nStep 3: Install the PlanetScale CLI\nNext, we need to install the PlanetScale Command Line Interface (CLI). This is essential for interacting with the remote database from our local machine using the terminal. Head to the PlanetScale CLI environment setup doc and look for the installation instructions for your operating system (in our case, we are using Windows).\nStep 4: Log in with the PlanetScale CLI\nNext, we need to log into our PlanetScale account using the CLI. Run the following command in your terminal:pscale login\n\nThis will open a new window in your browser where you will have to enter a confirmation code. Make sure the code in the browser matches the code in your terminal.\nClick \"Confirm code\" and, after you have successfully logged in, close the tab.\nNow, you have successfully set up the PlanetScale CLI and the remote database. In the next section, we will set up the Python script to interact with the remote database.\nConclusion\nIn this tutorial, we learned how to use a remote MySQL-compatible database with Python, specifically PlanetScale. We can now create databases, and interact with them using the PlanetScale CLI. This provides a powerful way to work with remote databases, enabling you to execute SQL statements from your local machine using Python.",[8162,8163,8164,8165,8166],"Setting up the database","Set up your PlanetScale MySQL database to use in a Python application.",{"_51":8160,"_53":8161},"2023-11-08T19:22:53.920Z",{"_55":8159},"/assets/setting-up-the-database-social-BAr_d2aq.png",170,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/821057642",{"_64":8177,"_66":8178,"_68":42,"_37":8179},{"_64":8174,"_66":8175,"_68":42,"_37":8176},{"_64":8171,"_66":8172,"_68":42,"_37":8173},{"_64":8168,"_66":8169,"_68":42,"_37":8170},{"_64":8167,"_66":963,"_68":42,"_37":964},[],[],"step-4-log-in-with-the-planetscale-cli","Step 4: Log in with the PlanetScale CLI",[],"step-3-install-the-planetscale-cli","Step 3: Install the PlanetScale CLI",[],"step-2-create-a-new-database","Step 2: Create a new database",[],"step-1-create-a-planetscale-account","Step 1: Create a PlanetScale account",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8351],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8347],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8343],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8333],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8329],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8325],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8321],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8298],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8290],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8281],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8273],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8269],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8260],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8252],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8242],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8234],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8230],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8226],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8222],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8218],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8214],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8207],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8203],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8204,"_64":8205},{},[8206],"In this tutorial, we learned how to use a remote MySQL-compatible database with Python, specifically PlanetScale. We can now create databases, and interact with them using the PlanetScale CLI. This provides a powerful way to work with remote databases, enabling you to execute SQL statements from your local machine using Python.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":8208,"_64":8209},{"_66":963},[8210],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8211],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8212,"_64":8213},{"_132":1014},[964],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8215,"_64":8216},{},[8217],"Now, you have successfully set up the PlanetScale CLI and the remote database. In the next section, we will set up the Python script to interact with the remote database.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8219,"_64":8220},{},[8221],"Click \"Confirm code\" and, after you have successfully logged in, close the tab.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8223,"_64":8224},{},[8225],"This will open a new window in your browser where you will have to enter a confirmation code. Make sure the code in the browser matches the code in your terminal.",{"_115":116,"_117":139,"_119":8227,"_64":8228},{"_143":144},[8229],"pscale login\n",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8231,"_64":8232},{},[8233],"Next, we need to log into our PlanetScale account using the CLI. Run the following command in your terminal:",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":8235,"_64":8236},{"_66":8169},[8237],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8238],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8239,"_64":8240},{"_132":8241},[8170],"#step-4-log-in-with-the-planetscale-cli",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8243,"_64":8244},{},[8245,8246,8247],"Next, we need to install the PlanetScale Command Line Interface (CLI). This is essential for interacting with the remote database from our local machine using the terminal. Head to the ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8248]," and look for the installation instructions for your operating system (in our case, we are using Windows).",{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8249,"_64":8250},{"_132":2297},[8251],"PlanetScale CLI environment setup doc",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":8253,"_64":8254},{"_66":8172},[8255],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8256],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8257,"_64":8258},{"_132":8259},[8173],"#step-3-install-the-planetscale-cli",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8261,"_64":8262},{},[8263,8264,8265],"Enter a name for your database. In our case, we'll use ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8266],". Click on \"Create database\" and wait for a moment as PlanetScale creates the database for you.",{"_115":116,"_117":164,"_119":8267,"_64":8268},{},[2272],{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8270,"_64":8271},{},[8272],"To create a new database, scroll down to the bottom of the dashboard and click on the \"Create\" link.",{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":8274,"_64":8275},{"_66":8175},[8276],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8277],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8278,"_64":8279},{"_132":8280},[8176],"#step-2-create-a-new-database",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8282,"_64":8283},{},[8284,8285,8286],"First, visit ",["SingleFetchClassInstance",8287]," and create an account.",{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8288,"_64":8289},{"_132":7848},[2511],{"_115":116,"_117":124,"_119":8291,"_64":8292},{"_66":8178},[8293],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8294],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8295,"_64":8296},{"_132":8297},[8179],"#step-1-create-a-planetscale-account",{"_115":116,"_117":201,"_119":8299,"_64":8300},{},[8301,8302,8303,8304],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8317],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8313],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8309],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8305],{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":8306,"_64":8307},{},[8308],"Set up the Python script",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":8310,"_64":8311},{},[8312],"Install the PlanetScale CLI",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":8314,"_64":8315},{},[8316],"Create a new database",{"_115":116,"_117":206,"_119":8318,"_64":8319},{},[8320],"Create a PlanetScale account",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8322,"_64":8323},{},[8324],"You'll follow these steps to set everything up:",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8326,"_64":8327},{},[8328],"Let's get the database set up.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8330,"_64":8331},{},[8332],"This course is going to cover how to use MySQL with Python. This is going to be a hands-on course, so you'll need a MySQL database if you want to follow along. We'll be using PlanetScale for the entirety of the course.",{"_115":116,"_117":553,"_119":8334,"_64":8335},{"_66":8342},[8336],["SingleFetchClassInstance",8337],{"_115":116,"_117":129,"_119":8338,"_64":8339},{"_132":8341},[8340],"Setting up a MySQL database in Python with PlanetScale","#setting-up-a-mysql-database-in-python-with-planetscale","setting-up-a-mysql-database-in-python-with-planetscale",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8344,"_64":8345},{},[8346],"Follow along with your instructor as they guide you through our original Python Flask course, and be sure to reach out to us with feedback or questions.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8348,"_64":8349},{},[8350],"PlanetScale’s free Python MySQL course guides you through setting up a database, installing MySQL (and building a Flask app), using cursors, creating a table, and so much more.",{"_115":116,"_117":118,"_119":8352,"_64":8353},{},[8354],"Welcome to our Python database course!",[],[],{"_117":2771,"_37":2772},{"_55":2770},"current",{"_8361":24,"_8115":8362,"_8363":24},"development",{"_8364":8365,"_8366":8367,"_8368":8369,"_8370":8371,"_8372":8373},"userSignedIn","IMAGE_CDN","https://planetscale-images.imgix.net","IMAGE_CDN_ENABLED","true","INTERNAL_API","https://api.planetscale.com","RELEASE","da4d2a02-b3fb-4a4a-8fc0-45e39f1c3ae0","SENTRY_DSN","https://bd81903b44804e22a06bdc0c1a91b303@o499952.ingest.us.sentry.io/4504531942572032"]